23 NOV 2020 · In the final episode of this podcast series our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford, speaks with Professor Walter Orenstein. Dr Orenstein is a Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, Global Health and Paediatrics at Emory University; Associate Director of the Emory Vaccine Center and the Director of Emory Vaccine Policy and Development. An expert in vaccinology, Dr Orenstein has worked at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Director of the United States Immunisation Program and is a current member of several WHO groups. Further to this he is the co-editor of the vaccine textbook, Plotkin’s Vaccines, 7th edition. In this episode they discuss: •Lessons that can be learnt from Plotkin’s Vaccines in the setting of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and development of vaccines •Recent press releases showing promising early results from two mRNA COVID-19 vaccine candidates developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna •The critical role of ongoing monitoring for safety and effectiveness of vaccines once they are in use •The likely highest priority groups when vaccines do become available •The role of children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and whether or not they need to be vaccinated •The importance of a correlate of protection in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines •The need to monitor for vaccine associated enhanced disease (VAED) •The importance of immunisation providers supporting reports of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) •The importance of communication in supporting vaccine acceptance and uptake •Key next steps on the road to a COVID-19 vaccine: a better understanding of how many doses are required and when, a prioritisation process so the vaccines can be used most effectively (with a clear allocation system); and communicating to the public that social distancing and wearing a mask will be ongoing for some time as a level of normality won’t be reached immediately, even with the exciting new efficacious COVID-19 vaccines Links: Plotkin’s Vaccines, 7th ed https://www.elsevier.com/books/T/A/9780323357616 Pfizer/BioNTech conclude phase 3 study of COVID-19 vaccine candidate, meeting all primary efficacy endpoints https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine candidate meets its primary efficacy endpoint in the first interim analysis of the phase 3 COVE study https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-meets-its-primary-efficacy

16 NOV 2020 · In episode 17 of our COVID19 Road to a vaccine series, our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford, speaks to Dr Bonnie Henry, the provincial health officer (PHO) for the Province of BC in Canada. As the PHO Bonnie is leading the province’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bonnie has been in this role since the beginning of 2018 and prior to this was the deputy PHO for three years. She specialises in public health and preventative medicine, and has a background working with the World Health Organisation and UNICEF polio eradication program in Pakistan and with the WHO during the Ebola outbreak in Uganda. She has experience leading responses to SARS, the H1N1 pandemic and the overdose emergency in BC. Bonnie is an associate professor at the University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine and is a member of the Canadian National Advisory Committee on Immunisation. She and Nigel discuss the following: •Bonnie’s current role leading BC’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic •What she learnt from the 2003 SARS outbreak and how this experience and knowledge can be applied to the current pandemic such as the importance of contact tracing, managing outbreaks and the importance of communicating with the public •The role COVID-19 vaccines will play in Canada and challenges that will need to be faced such as logistics, ensuring adequate safety profiles, determining priority groups to be immunised first and protecting indigenous communities •The critical importance of monitoring for adverse events following immunisation Links: The New York Times: The top doctor who aced the coronavirus test https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/world/canada/bonnie-henry-british-columbia-coronavirus.html BC Centre for Disease Control: BC COVID-19 data http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/covid-19/data Government of Canada: Chief Public Health Officer of Canada Statement on Preliminary Guidance from the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) on Key Populations for Early COVID-19 Vaccination https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2020/11/cpho-statement-on-nacis-preliminary-guidance-on-key-populations-for-early-covid-19-vaccination.html Government of Canada: Government of Canada signs new agreements to secure additional vaccine candidate and treatment for COVID-19 https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/news/2020/09/government-of-canada-signs-new-agreements-to-secure-additional-vaccine-candidate-and-treatment-for-covid-19.html BC Children's Hospital: Manish Sadarangani https://www.bcchr.ca/msadarangani Dalhousie University Department of Pediatrics: Karina Top https://medicine.dal.ca/departments/department-sites/pediatrics/our-people/our-faculty/karina-top.html

1 NOV 2020 · In episode 16 of our COVID19 Road to a vaccine series, our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford speaks once again with Professor Norman Baylor. Professor Baylor is the former Director of the Office of Vaccines Research and Review Center at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is the President and CEO of Biologics Consulting and current advisor to the WHO. In this episode they discuss: •The recent FDA Vaccines and related biological products advisory committee meeting which was, as is customary, open to the public •The huge amount countries like Australia can learn from the transparency of these open forums •What vaccine efficacy thresholds are and what they have been set at for COVID-19 vaccine candidates in the USA •Including children and special risk groups such as pregnant women in clinical trials •Potential for confusion when more than one COVID-19 vaccine becomes available with varying levels of efficacy •The ongoing collection of data to monitor vaccine safety and effectiveness •Pauses or clinical holds being a normal part of clinical trials •The importance of communication from regulatory bodies as COVID-19 vaccines become available Links: Biologics Consulting https://www.biologicsconsulting.com/ FDA: Expanded access https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/expanded-access FDA: Emergency Use Authorisation https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization FDA: Vaccines and related biological products advisory committee October 22 2020 https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-october-22-2020-meeting-announcement#event-materials MVEC: Covid19 Road to a vaccine episode 7: The importance of regulatory bodies in the development of vaccines with Professor Norman Baylor https://mvec.mcri.edu.au/covid19-road-to-a-vaccine-episode-7-professor-norman-baylor/ The Conversation: Halting the Oxford vaccine trial doesn’t mean it’s not safe, it shows they’re following the right process https://theconversation.com/halting-the-oxford-vaccine-trial-doesnt-mean-its-not-safe-it-shows-theyre-following-the-right-process-145837

4 OCT 2020 · In episode 15, our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford, speaks to Professor Lynn Gillam. Lynn is a clinical ethicist who trained in philosophy and bioethics. She is a Professor in the Centre for Health Equity, in the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health at the University of Melbourne; and the Academic Director of The Children’s Bioethics Centre at the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. The Children’s Bioethics Centre provides support including ethical decision making for clinicians in relation to patient care issues. Nigel and Lynn will discuss some of the ethical issues raised in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, utilising a framework of points raised by Dr John Lantos from the Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, USA, at the recent Bioethics E-Conference hosted by The Children’s Bioethics Centre: •The importance of realising that not doing something or not conducting research is a decision in itself •The notion of “too fast can’t be safe” – some steps need to take the time they have always taken, some things can be done more quickly, recognising that if you do nothing, you are allowing harm to happen •The role of ethical boards and the way vaccines are developed, i.e. the use of younger, healthier participants in research, not the individuals who are getting the worst disease •The involvement of children and elderly people in clinical trials and the key differences in the ethical considerations of this •Global equity of access to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines when they become available, who gets them first and how should these decisions be made? •The role of Citizens’ Juries in deciding who has priority of access to vaccines in a pandemic situation •Mandatory vaccination •The use of foetal embryonic cell lines in vaccine development Links: Australian Financial Review: Vaccine confronts humanity with next moral test https://www.afr.com/policy/health-and-education/vaccine-confronts-humanity-with-next-moral-test-20200803-p55i66 MVEC: Foetal embryonic cells utilised in vaccine development platforms https://mvec.mcri.edu.au/immunisation-references/foetal-embryonic-cells-utilised-in-vaccine-development-platforms/ University of Melbourne: Gaining clarity on the ethical issues of a possible COVID-19 vaccine https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/gaining-clarity-on-the-ethical-issues-of-a-possible-covid-19-vaccine BMC Public Health: Including the public in pandemic planning: a deliberative approach https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2458-10-501 Social Science and Medicine: The use of citizens’ juries in health policy decision making: a systematic review https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027795361400166X#bbib7 RCH Grand Rounds: Let no pandemic go to waste – how the COVID crisis could lead to better health care delivery https://blogs.rch.org.au/grandrounds/2020/09/02/let-no-pandemic-go-to-waste-how-the-covid-crisis-could-lead-to-better-health-care-delivery/

23 SEP 2020 · In episode 14, our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford, speaks to Dr Bruce Gellin. Bruce is the President of Global Immunization at the Sabin Vaccine Institute in Washington. The Sabin Vaccine Institute’s mission is to make vaccines more accessible, enable innovation and expand immunisation across the globe. Bruce took up this role in 2017, prior to this serving as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the National Vaccine Program Office at the US Department of Health and Human Services where he served as technical and policy advisor to the WHO, focusing on influenza vaccines and global issues of vaccine hesitancy. Bruce has also worked at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), consulted for GAVI and is one of America’s principle spokespeople on vaccines and immunisations. He and Nigel discuss the following in the context of vaccine confidence: •The recent halting of the Oxford Astrazeneca trial and how the system that is in place did exactly what is supposed to •“The Cutter Incident” and the ongoing impact this has had on vaccine safety, particularly from the manufacturing perspective •The vast importance of ensuring immunisation providers understand the vaccine development process, as if they don’t understand it and are sceptical this can have a huge impact on vaccine uptake •The importance of open disclosure in the vaccine development pathway •How the Sabin Vaccine Institute is meeting the challenge of vaccine hesitancy •Sabin’s ‘Boost’ program for healthcare workers •How vaccines are monitored once they are in use, also called phase IV surveillance Links: The Sabin Vaccine Institute https://www.sabin.org The Conversation: Halting the Oxford vaccine trial doesn’t mean it’s not safe – it shows they’re following the right process https://theconversation.com/halting-the-oxford-vaccine-trial-doesnt-mean-its-not-safe-it-shows-theyre-following-the-right-process-145837 The Cutter Incident by Paul Offit https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300126051/cutter-incident Sabin Vaccine Institute: Immunization Advocates https://www.immunizationadvocates.org Sabin Vaccine Institute: Boost https://boostcommunity.org/ The Lancet: Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31558-0/fulltext The Lancet: It is time to get serious about vaccine confidence https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31603-2/fulltext

13 SEP 2020 · In episode 13, our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford, speaks to Professor Kim Mulholland. Kim is a paediatrician and Professor of Child Health from the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, the University of Melbourne department of Paediatrics and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. With post-graduate training in immunology, respiratory medicine and tropical medicine, his vast experience includes developing a program of research covering all aspects of childhood pneumonia which helped guide WHO policies. He has been involved in the oversight of many vaccine trials and has served on steering committees or DSMBs for a range of vaccines including pneumococcal, dengue, RSV and COVID-19. He and Nigel discuss: •global issues brought about by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and some of the surprising ways the virus has spread globally •what we can learn from seroprevalence in countries such as India •vaccine nationalism and the push for global solidarity •the role of Australia in the pacific region in regards to vaccine preparedness •global, equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines Links: Developing a Low-Cost and Accessible COVID-19 Vaccine for Global Health https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202003.0464/v1 WHO Chief Urges Nations to Join in Preventing ‘Vaccine Nationalism’ https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/18/903617560/who-chief-urges-nations-to-join-in-preventing-vaccine-nationalism Africa declared free of wild polio https://mvec.mcri.edu.au/africa-declared-free-of-wild-polio/ The Meningitis Vaccine Project: A groundbreaking partnership https://www.path.org/articles/about-meningitis-vaccine-project/ GAVI vaccine alliance https://www.gavi.org/history-gavi

6 SEP 2020 · In this episode of COVID19 Road to a vaccine, our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford, speaks to Professor Heidi Larson. Heidi is an anthropologist and Director of the Vaccine Confidence Project and Professor of Anthropology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The Vaccine Confidence Project is a WHO centre of excellence on addressing vaccine hesitancy. Heidi is the previous head of Global Immunisation Communication at UNICEF, chaired GAVI’s advocacy taskforce and served on the WHO SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy. In this episode they discuss: •How and why Heidi founded The Vaccine Confidence Project •Why vaccine confidence is already proving to be so important in relation to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine when there is not yet a vaccine that has gone through all the phases of a clinical trial •Whether or not vaccine confidence is impacted by the way in which different countries are handling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic •The importance of health care workers modelling vaccine uptake to promote vaccine confidence •Positive ways we can use social media to promote vaccine preparedness •Resistance to mandatory vaccination and the importance of community vs herd immunity Links: The Vaccine Confidence Project: https://www.vaccineconfidence.org WHO: Denmark campaign rebuilds confidence in HPV vaccination https://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/denmark/news/news/2018/3/denmark-campaign-rebuilds-confidence-in-hpv-vaccination Japan’s HPV crisis: act now to avert cervical cancer cases and deaths https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30047-5/fulltext

31 AUG 2020 · In episode 11 of our COVID19 Road to a vaccine series, our host, Nigel Crawford, speaks to experts in vaccine confidence, Associate Professor Margie Danchin and Professor Julie Leask. Margie is a consultant paediatrician at the Royal Children’s Hospital, an Associate Professor within the University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, where she is the leader of the Vaccine Uptake Group. Julie is a social scientist and professor in the Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery at the University of Sydney and a visiting Professorial Fellow at NCIRS (the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance). In this episode they discuss: •Responses to vaccine hesitancy and promoting vaccine confidence from an Australian perspective •The importance of language and definitions when it comes to vaccine confidence, hesitancy and uptake •(5) important ways to prepare the public for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine •The role of social media platforms in communicating this information •The importance of measuring vaccine confidence in the community •Ways of communicating well around adverse events in gaining community trust and maintaining vaccine programs, including utilising expertise from specialist immunisation clinics (SICs) Links: Vaccine: Words matter: Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine demand, vaccine confidence, herd immunity and mandatory vaccination https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X19315981?via%3Dihub COSSI Network http://www.ncirs.org.au/COSSI Sharing Knowledge About Immunisation http://ncirs.org.au/our-work/sharing-knowledge-about-immunisation

16 AUG 2020 · In episode 10 of our COVID19 Road to a vaccine series, our host, Nigel Crawford, speaks with Professors Paul Young and Trent Munro to discuss the University of Queensland (UQ) COVID-19 vaccine candidate. UQ and CEPI (the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovation) have partnered with CSL (Seqirus) to advance their novel molecular clamp technology to develop their vaccine for COVID-19. This vaccine has recently progressed to Phase 1 clinical trials. In this episode they discuss: •The University of Queensland COVID19 vaccine development process •The involvement of CEPI in their trial •The use of a molecular clamp platform in the development of their protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccine •Results of their preclinical trials •Their partnership with CSL/Seqirus and the use of the MF59 adjuvant •The timeline of their clinical trials and the upcoming steps Links: CEPI partners with University of Queensland to create rapid response vaccines: https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-partners-with-university-of-queensland-to-create-rapid-response-vaccines/ Dosing begins in the first human trial of UQ’s COVID-19 vaccine https://stories.uq.edu.au/news/2020/first-human-trial-of-UQs-COVID-19-vaccine/index.html The University of Queensland, CEPI and CSL partner to advance development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccine candidate: https://www.csl.com/news/2020/20200605-uq-cepi-and-csl-partner-for-covid-19-vaccine-candidate

9 AUG 2020 · In episode 9 of our COVID19 Road to a vaccine series, our host, Associate Professor Nigel Crawford, speaks with Professor Robert Booy. Robert is a Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health at the University of Sydney and is a Senior Professorial Fellow at NCIRS, the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance at Westmead Children’s Hospital. He has special research interests in serious infections and their prevention, particularly in the setting of aged care facilities. In this episode they discuss: •Special risk groups when it comes to SARS-CoV-2, in particular, those living and working in aged care facilities •How the ageing process leads to immunosenescence and the impact of this on vaccine efficacy in the elderly population •The use of adjuvants in vaccines for the elderly population •How to improve public health messaging and the management of respiratory illnesses in aged care facilities •Lessons learnt from around the world with high mortality rates in aged care residents and workers and how that can inform the response to outbreaks in aged care facilities in Australia Links: The Conversation: Protecting our elderly: beating flu outbreaks in nursing homes https://theconversation.com/protecting-our-elderly-beating-flu-outbreaks-in-nursing-homes-2960 The Guardian: National cabinet plans rapid-response units to curb COVID-19 outbreaks in Australian aged care facilities https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/aug/07/national-cabinet-plans-rapid-response-units-to-curb-covid-19-outbreaks-in-australian-aged-care-facilities?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other PLOS One: Treating and Preventing Influenza in Aged Care Facilities: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474842/