01 - Stoicism.  
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens around 300 BC, named after the Stoa Poikile (painted porch) where Zeno and his followers taught. The core doctrine posits that the path to eudaimonia—a flourishing life—lies in cultivating virtue through reason, with virtue defined by the four cardinal qualities of wisdom, justice, courage, and temperance, which alone constitute the good and suffice for happiness irrespective of external events. Stoics maintain a materialist physics viewing the universe as a rational, providential whole governed by logos (divine reason), and a logic emphasizing rigorous argumentation to discern truth from impression. 

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