10 DEC 2021 · In this episode, Dirk talks about King Silo of Asturias. There will later be a follow-up remake, where both Dirk and Max are present to host. Bibliography: C. George Boeree, “Early Christian Heresies,” Shippensburg University, Copyrighted 2004, https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/heresies.html. Raymond Carr. Spain: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Roger Collins. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. Camden: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. Ryan Giles and Matthew Bailey, “Charlemagne and his Legend in Early Spanish Literature and Historiography,” Indiana University at Bloomington, published 2016, https://medieval.indiana.edu/research/publications/charlemagne-and-his-legend-in-early-spanish-literature-and-historiography.html. Maurilio Pérez González, “El diploma del rey Silo y sus romanismos,” publsihed by the University of Léon, accessed 11/30/21. Written by Sebastianus, commissioned by Alfonso III. Chronicle of Alfonso III. Posted to aymennjawad.org 8/20/21. http://www.aymennjawad.org/24483/the-chronicle-of-alfonso-iii-the-kingdom. Andrew Simmons, “Spain River Sella Map,” Andrew Simmons Illustration, posted 1/31/10, https://andrewsimmonsillustration.wordpress.com/2010/01/31/spain-river-sella-map/. “Adoptionism,” Encyclopedia Britannica, edited 1/8/20, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adoptionism. “Adoptionism,” New World Encyclopedia, edited 4/28/21, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Adoptionism. “An Image of the Pyrenees Mountains,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed 11/30/21, https://cdn.britannica.com/22/89922-004-015A28C3.gif. “Cangas de Onís,” Spain.info, accessed 11/30/21, https://www.spain.info/en/destination/cangas-onis/. “(Description of the) Commentary on the Apocalypse (Translated): Part 1 - From Christ with Love," Amazon, accessed 11/30/21, https://www.amazon.com/Commentary-Apocalypse-Translated-Part-Christ-ebook/dp/B00C5W8KG2. “El Rey Silo,” Rey Silo, accessed 11/30/21, http://www.reysilo.es/en/2/el-rey-silo/7/el-rey-silo.html. "N Spain map-2015," Walking Adventures International, published 8/12/14, https://walkingadventures.com/n-spain-map-2015-web/. “Pravia,” Memin.com, accessed 11/30/21, https://memim.com/pravia.html. “Río Güeña,”Spanish Government Ministry for Ecology and Demographic Challenges, accessed 11/30/21, https://www.chcantabrico.es/las-cuencas-cantabricas/marco-fisico/hidrologia/rios/guena. “Saint Agnes,” Catholic Online, accessed 11/30/21, https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=106. “The Asturian Court in Pravia,” Rey Silo, accessed 11/30/21, http://www.reysilo.es/en/3/el-reino-de-asturias-en-pravia/6/el-reino-de-asturias-en-pravia.html. "Vacation Rentals in Pravia," AirBNB, accessed 11/30/21, https://www.airbnb.com/pravia-spain/stays. Images Referenced: The Compendium,https://www.dropbox.com/s/yssccrlls8862pl/Silo.JPG?dl=0. (Silo, the Image we’re rating on) https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/silo-of-asturias/5e949784-c83f-4c57-a2e5-438351e8f5c0. (His imaginary Portrait. Given his nature, I reckon he probably did look a bit like this. Regal, serious, calm, not young or hot-blooded.) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tumba_Adosinda_y_Rey_Silo_-_1.jpg/220px-Tumba_Adosinda_y_Rey_Silo_-_1.jpg (Possibly his tomb.) Romanesque Art: From Web Gallery of Art. https://www.wga.hu/art/zearly/2/2paintin/0rome1.jpg (Crucifixtion of Christ from Rome. [almost a poor van eyck, and from mid-700s! From Rome, though, so maybe unfair.) https://www.wga.hu/art/zearly/2/1sculptu/various/variou02.jpg. Altar Relief. in Cividale del Friuli, Italy) Looks Ancient in a good way. https://www.wga.hu/art/zearly/2/1sculptu/architec/cividal2.jpg. Female Saint Marbles, Cividale del Friuli, incredible! We can do little better today. https://www.wga.hu/art/zearly/2/1sculptu/architec/zamora4.jpg. Capital. Detailed column, actually Spanish. El Campillo (Zamora) https://www.wga.hu/art/zearly/2/1sculptu/architec/vinas1.jpg. (Exterior carvings. Exteriors not all that impressive, but actually Spanish.)

10 DEC 2021 · In this episode, Dirk reviews King Aurelius of Asturias. He also gives some corrections, answers to previous questions, explains where sources and images are, and new research findings. There will later be a follow-up remake, where both Dirk and Max are present to host. Bibliography (Aurelius Information): Carr, Raymond. Spain: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. Camden: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. Written by Sebastianus, commissioned by Alfonso III. Chronicle of Alfonso III. Posted to aymennjawad.org 8/20/21. http://www.aymennjawad.org/24483/the-chronicle-of-alfonso-iii-the-kingdom. "Aurelius of Asturias," Memin, accessed 11/30/21, https://memim.com/aurelius-of-asturias.html. "Biography of Aurelio. King of Asturias (768-774)," TheBiography, accessed 11/30/21, https://thebiography.us/en/aurelio-rey-de-asturias. Bibliography (Corrections and Etcetera Information): Ameen, "Uqba Ibn al-Hajjaj," Let Ameen Speak Wordpress Blog, accessed 12/2/21, https://letameenspeak.wordpress.com/2017/06/28/uqba-ibn-al-hajjaj/. Erin Blakemore, "How the Basques became an autonomous community within Spain," National Geographic, 10/24/19, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-basques-became-autonomous-community-spain. Graham Duke and Ali Hood, "S1.19 Henry I," Apple Podcasts, posted 2/3/11, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/s1-19-henry-i/id389246402?i=1000091003725. Graham Duke and Ali Hood, "S1.20 Stephen," Apple Podcasts, posted 2/18/11, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/s1-20-stephen/id389246402?i=1000091413358. Graham Duke and Ali Hood, "S1.21 Henry II," Apple Podcasts, posted 3/2/11, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/s1-21-henry-ii/id389246402?i=1000091802470. Tayeb El-Hibri, “3 - The Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate (775–833),” Cambridge University Press, published 4/28/21, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abbasid-caliphate/golden-age-of-the-abbasid-caliphate-775833/655B901AEDFAD819C46B0D25219CC5E3. Tim Hayes, "Aquatical*Latin," Aqua Latin, accessed 11/30/21, https://aquaticallatin.info/latin-greek-english-lexicon/suffixes. Hydatius, "Hydatii Episcopi Chronicon," Latin Library, accessed 12/2/21, http://thelatinlibrary.com/hydatiuschronicon.html. Ibn Khaldun, Tarikh ibn Khaldun, (completed in 1391). Creede Newton, "Which other regions want to secede from Spain?," Al Jazeera, posted 10/27/17, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/27/which-other-regions-want-to-secede-from-spain. Carol King, "Carole King - It's Too Late (Official Audio)." YouTube. Uploaded 10/2/15, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkKxmnrRVHo. Monsieur Mictlan, "Cantabrian Bears of Asturias," Atlas Obscura, accessed 12/2/21, https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/cantabrian-bears-of-asturias. Charles Potters, Amanda Jackson et al, "Legal Tender," Investopedia, updated 6/13/21, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/legal-tender.asp. Antonio Santuosso, Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels, (Boulder: Westview Press, 2004). Carly Simon. "You're so Vain." uploaded to YouTube 2/18/17, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cleCtBP0o5Y. Brette Warshaw, "What’s the Difference Between a Church, Chapel, Cathedral, and Basilica?," What's The Diff, posted 4/23/19, https://www.whatsthediff.org/blog/2019/04/23/whats-the-difference-between-a-church-chapel-cathedral-and-basilica/. “Abbasid,” Merriam-Webster, accessed 12/2/21, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Abbasid. “Abd al-Raḥmān I,” Encyclopedia Britannica, edited 7/9/19, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abd-al-Rahman-I. “al-Mahdi,” University of Birmimgham, accessed 12/2/21, https://mimsy.bham.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=11004406&t=people. “Caliph,” Merriam-Webster, accessed 12/2/21, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caliph. "Catalonia's bid for independence from Spain explained," BBC, posted 10/18/19, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29478415. "Claudius II Gothicus," Encyclopedia Britannica, updated 4/27/21, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claudius-II-Gothicus. Compendio de crónicas de reyes del Antiguo Testamento, gentiles, cónsules y emperadores romanos, reyes godos y de los reinos de Castilla, Aragón, Navarra y Portugal [Manuscrito].Inc.: Commo sea summa prudencia a todos los entendidos aver en memoria (h. 1r) ... Exp.: Este fue muy buen rey e muy justiçiero e mantovo muy bien su tierra en paz & con muy gran justicia. Deo gracias (h. 44v), (Spain: The Hispanic Digital Library, authored between 1301 and 1400). Information garnered from http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000051546. "Definitions for umayyad caliphate," Definitions.net, accessed 12/2/21, https://www.definitions.net/definition/umayyad+caliphate./2/21. “Denny's - The Rise and Fall...And Rise Again,” Company Man via YouTube, uploaded 7/14/21, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-oclgZcg90. "Emirate of Cordoba," Historystack, accessed 12/1/21, https://historystack.com/Emirate_of_Cordoba. "Galicia," Minority Rights, accessed 12/1/21, https://minorityrights.org/minorities/galicians/. "Los Reyes, la Princesa de Asturias y la Infanta Sofía a junto a la Cruz de la Victoria...", Fundación Princesa de Asturias via Twitter, posted 10/17/19, https://twitter.com/fpa/status/1184890752570134529. "Pelagius of Asturias," Wikipedia, edited 4/26/21, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagius_of_Asturias. "Ten Minute History - Peter the Great and the Russian Empire (Short Documentary)." YouTube. Uploaded 1/21/19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tBNr2gjAA0. "Umayyad Dynasty Timeline," Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed 12/1/21, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Umayyad-Dynasty-Timeline. "Umayyad Dynasty Timeline," World History Encyclopedia, accessed 12/1/21, https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Umayyad_Dynasty/. "What is Castilian Spanish, Exactly? Here's a Quick History," Gritty Spanish, accessed 12/1/21, https://www.grittyspanish.com/2019/02/04/castilian-spanish/. Images Referenced: The Compendium, https://www.dropbox.com/s/cxsv0k27g33fu6u/Aurelius.JPG?dl=0. (Aurelius.) https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EHGSR14XUAAJ8Jd?format=jpg&name=900x900. (The Royal Family today with the Victory Cross.)

10 DEC 2021 · This is the first of three episodes where circumstances force Dirk to record alone. In this episode, he reviews King Fruela I of Asturias. There will later be a follow-up remake, where both Dirk and Max are present to host. Fruela: Carr, Raymond. Spain: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. Camden: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. Written by Sebastianus, commissioned by Alfonso III. Chronicle of Alfonso III. Posted to aymennjawad.org 8/20/21. http://www.aymennjawad.org/24483/the-chronicle-of-alfonso-iii-the-kingdom. "Alfonso II," Encyclopedia Britannica, edited 1/1/21, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-II-king-of-Asturias. Images Discussed: https://www.meisterdrucke.uk/fine-art-prints/Spanish-School/942088/Pelagius-(685-737),-founder-of-the-Asturias-Kingdom-and-his-grandson-Fruela-I-(722-68)-(pigment-on-vellum-.html#top (Fruela himself)

29 NOV 2021 · In this episode, we take a branching path off of the direct lineage of Pelagius. We cover not his grandchild by Favila, but his son-in-law, Alfonso I. Will this dynastic change mean good for the kingdom, or will this deviation from the line of the founder spell doom for the fledgling proto-Spain? Find out with Max and Dirk in this episode of Hail to the Chief. Bibliography: Carr, Raymond. Spain: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. Camden: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. Written by Sebastianus, commissioned by Alfonso III. Chronicle of Alfonso III. Posted to aymennjawad.org 8/20/21. http://www.aymennjawad.org/24483/the-chronicle-of-alfonso-iii-the-kingdom. Image(s) Shown to Max: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1856-0614-96 (Alfonso. See the Lower Left.) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Leon_in_Spain.svg/1024px-Leon_in_Spain.svg.png (Asturias on map of Spain. [It is wikipedia, yes. I hope to avoid this in the future. Here is a double-reference in order to prove that this source is not unreliable: https://cdn3.vectorstock.com/i/1000x1000/72/52/leon-map-spain-province-administrative-map-vector-26577252.jpg) https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-political-map-of-spain-with-the-several-regions-where-asturias-is-48834616.html (Asturias on a map) https://www.dreamstime.com/detailed-accurate-illustration-map-galicia-spain-map-galicia-spain-image169157810 (Galicia on a map)

27 NOV 2021 · There is a common trend in history for the sons of great men to be mere shadows of their fathers. Will Favila fall into this trap, or can he match the greatness of his father, the legendary founder of Asturias? In this episode, Dirk and Max discuss just that. Bibliography: Iola. "Favila of Asturias." Accessed 11/15/21. Find A Grave. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11515550/favila-of_asturias. Written by Sebastianus, commissioned by Alfonso III. Chronicle of Alfonso III. Posted to aymennjawad.org 8/20/21. http://www.aymennjawad.org/24483/the-chronicle-of-alfonso-iii-the-kingdom. "Biography of Favila o Fafila. King of Asturias." Accessed 11/15/21. TheBiography.us. https://thebiography.us/en/favila-rey-de-asturias. "Chapel of Santa Cruz (Cangas de Onís)". Accessed 11/15/21. Spain.info, Spain's Official Tourism Website. https://www.spain.info/en/places-of-interest/santa-cruz-chapel/. Image(s) shown to Max in the episode: https://www.xwhos.com/person/favila_of_asturias-whois.html (Favila's carving on the Monastery of San Pedro).

27 NOV 2021 · In this episode, Max and Dirk discuss the first king of the first Spanish predecessor state: Pelagius of Asturias. Can this legendary founder of the kingdom count himself amongst its quintessential kings, or is he too obscured by the fog of history? Listen to find out. Bibliography: Carr, Raymond. "Spain: A History." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Collins, Roger. "Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000." Camden: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. Written by Sebastianus, commissioned by Alfonso III. Chronicle of Alfonso III. Posted to aymennjawad.org 8/20/21. http://www.aymennjawad.org/24483/the-chronicle-of-alfonso-iii-the-kingdom. Simon, Carly. "You're so Vain." uploaded to YouTube 2/18/17, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cleCtBP0o5Y. Lewis, David Levering. "God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215." New York City: W. W. Norton & Company; Illustrated edition. 1/12/09. Images shown to Max, so that you can follow along at home: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-political-map-of-spain-with-the-several-regions-where-asturias-is-48834616.html (The modern-day region known as Asturias.) https://www.meisterdrucke.uk/fine-art-prints/Spanish-School/942088/Pelagius-(685-737),-founder-of-the-Asturias-Kingdom-and-his-grandson-Fruela-I-(722-68)-(pigment-on-vellum-.html#top + https://www.pinterest.com/pin/14-inch-photo-pelagius-685737-founder-of-the-asturias-in-2021--633740978905617612/ (Picture of Pelagius/dating of the image.) https://www.alamy.es/foto-la-cruz-de-la-victoria-es-una-cruz-latina-que-se-encuentra-en-la-camara-santa-de-la-catedral-de-oviedo-principado-de-asturias-espana-170276930.html (The Victory Cross)

15 NOV 2021 · In this episode, our first, the hosts, Dirk and Max, introduce themselves. They discuss the categories under which they will be judging each monarch, and they discuss the very broad strokes of Spanish history in the period from the Fall of the Roman Empire right to, but not through, the establishment of the King of Asturias. Bibliography: -Ballan, Mohamed. "Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth Century Provence." -Bragg, Melvyn, Tim Winter, Martin Palmer, and Mehri Niknam. “Muslim Spain.” -Interview by Melvyn Bragg. In Our Time, BBC, accessed 11/3/21. Audio. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548l1. -Carr, Raymond. Spain: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. -Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. Camden: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. -Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. (2010). https://www.academia.edu/3537846. -Philips, Gabriela Profeta. "Islamic Spain: Model of Peaceful Coexistence." Journal of Adventist Mission Studies (2005): Volume 1, Issue 1, page 95. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1188&context=jams -Tolan, John, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens. Europe and the Islamic world : a history. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. -“Battle of Tours (732 A.D.).” Accessed 11/3/21 at The Latin Library. https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/tours.html. -"Life of the Week: Romulus Augustus." Published 8/30/15 on History Extra. https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/life-of-the-week-romulus-augustus/. -“Muslim Spain (711-1492).” Last updated 9/4/2009 for the British Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml. -Extra Credits. "Samuel HaNagid - A Prince of Jews - Extra History." Extra History. Uploaded 6/11/16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5oBgayr9S0.