PARTS 1. MAJOR CONNECTOR 2. DIRECT RETAINER 3. MINOR CONNECTOR 4. INDIRECT RETAINER (if the prosthesis has distal extension) 5. BASE MAJOR CONNECTORS  Definition:- It is a part of CPD (cast partial denture) that connects the component from one side of the arch to the other side.  Major connecter A rigid part of the partial denture casting that unites the rests and another part of the prosthesis to the opposite side of the arch.  FUNCTION 1. Unification of all other components 2. Stress distribution 3. Cross arch stabilization  Property of— rigidity, which is why it is always placed on a rigid surface  Maxillary o anterior extension — 6 mm* from palate gingival margin o Posterior border — anterior vibrating line  Mandibular anterior border — 3 mm* from lingual gingiva

MAXILLARY MAJOR CONNECTORS: - A. Complete Palate Major Connector i. Best major connector ii. Like CD iii. There is a plate covering the entire plate, this acts as the major connector. iv. When all post teeth missing, class 1 v. Periodontally compromised remaining teeth, vi. Shallow vault cases, small mouth, flat or flabby ridges. vii. Almost anywhere and everywhere B. Anterior—Posterior Bar i. Sharp design ii. Most rigid after complete palate C. Horse — Shoe i. Least preferred as it is least rigid ii. Patient with palatal torus D. Single palatal bar a. Posterior palatal bar or strip used with: Kennedy class3. E. Single palatal strap F. Unshaped palatal connector G. Combination of anterior—posterior palatal strap Maxillary RPD major connectors may be beaded to — produce positive contact with the tissue All major connectors should cross the midline at a right angle Q. Refractory cast To fabricate a removable partial casting requires making a second cast of high heat investment material this cast.

MANDIBULAR MAJOR CONNECTOR o Upper border 3 mm from gingival o Lower border 1st step to design LINGUAL BAR o Most commonly used o Lingual bar is short & thick - used in wide lingual sulcus & lingual frenum is low o However, there are certain cases where we cannot use lingual bar i. Shallow vestibule ii. Lingually high frenal attachment iii. Alveolar ridge resorption iv. Lingual tori v. Severe vertical resorption LINGUAL PLATE a. Can use in above conditions b. When teeth are periodontally weak also giving splint effect c. Need for the addition of one or more anterior teeth d. When teeth lingually inclined Q. Lingual plate is long & thin - used in shallow sulcus, high lingual frenum, & for splinting mobile anterior teeth. LABIAL BAR

DIRECT RETAINERS a. Intracoronal (tooth prepared) o Precision attachement- Female on the removable part nd male on the fixed part. o Class III, Class IV o Considering aesthetics- because no clasps b. Extracoronal o More common o Should encircle the tooth at least 180 degree

PARTS OF CLASP Retentive Arm- Retention* a. Orginates from the occlusal third and terminates in the cervical third b. Placed on the buccal aspect c. The retentive terminal engages the undercut – ie apical to the highest point of contour / the survey line. d. Rest of the clasp has to be above the hight of contour. e. It has tapering thickness when you talk about shape f. It has to be sated passively, ie no force when already seated, and be only active or provide retention when dislodging forces are applied. Reciprocal Arm- Stability* a. Is placed on the lingual aspect b. It originates from the occlusal third and terminates above the highest point of contour c. Doesn’t have to engage in any undercut d. Resists lateral movement of the prosthesis e. Counteracts the force produced by clasp/ retentive arm f. Resists potential orthodontic movement of the abutment Body/Minor connector = stability* Rest = support* to entire arm Shoulder = connects the parts of clasp assembly, function – stability

SUPRABULGE – COMES / ORIGINATES FROM ABOVE THE BULGE  Akers  Ring  Combination  Embrasure C clasp , akers clasp , circumferencial, supra bulge, three quarter clasp  Universal type of clasp  Can be used in almost all cases  Only disadvantage is - mobility Ring clasp  Lingually tilted tooth, Kennedy class 2,  Isolated PM cases  When the undercut is near the proximal plate side, the clasp will have to go all around and engage in there.  Sometimes there is only one seat, or they might add an additional seat on the opp side as well  Also, they could add an additional arm from the meshwork coming infrabulge way, and soldered perpendicular to the lingual part of the arm to provide more stability. Embrasure Clasp  2 Akers clasp hugging both teeth on right and left like a father hugging his two sons with both of his arms  Need 2 occlusal rest and has only 1 body  Kennedy class II Multiple Clasp – circlet o Periodontally compromised o 2 occlusal rest and 2 body Combination Clasp o Distal extension cases o Abutment tooth with severe undercut

INFRABULGE- COMES FROM BELOW THE BULGE  I bar  T bar  Modified T bar  Y bar Bar clasp (Gingivaly approaching clasp/ infrabulge)  Anterior canines in maxillary  Aesthetic situations  Most retentive  Because canines have very less undercuts.  Contraindication o When there is not enough vestibular depth o When there is undercut in that area – coz it will engage there while removal, and traumatize the tissue, hurt the patient CLASP ASSEMBLIES RPI system  R-Rest (always mesial), P-proximal plate, I- I bar  MO, distally, buccally RPA / RPC system  R-Rest (always mesial, P-proximal plate , A-akers retentive arms (Always wrought wire)  Aker’s retentive — made of wrought wire. Q. Occlusal rest for support (resist vertical forces)

Wrought alloy wire * - o Advantages of wrought wire over cast wire flexibility & o Gives less pressure onto the teeth less irritant to abutment. o Used for periodontally compromised and endo treated abutment o more flexible o soldered onto the framework Cobalt-Chromium metal – o Metal alloy used to make the framework o For reciprocal arm

KENNEDY’S CLASSIFICATION:- CLASS 1 BILATERAL EDENTULOUS AREA LOCATED POSTERIOR TO BOTH REMAINING NATURAL TEETH CLASS II UNILATERAL EDENTULOUS AREA LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE REMAINING NATURAL TEETH CLASS III SINGLE EDENTULOUS AREA BOUNDED BY NATURAL TEETH BOTH ANTERIORLY AND POSTERIORLY TO IT CLASS IV SINGLE EDENTULOUS AREA THAT CROSSES THE MIDLINE AND IS ANTERIOR TO THE REMAINING NATURAL TEETH

INDIRECT RETAINER  Most commonly used in Kennedy class I, II & IV -ie. Distal extension cases  They have the most tipping tendency and need both tooth + tissue support  Resistance by preventing lifting off of the distal extension through First order liver principle (see-saw principles)  The rest should be fabricated at 90 degrees away and anterior to the fulcrum line  Should be placed as far as possible from fulcrum line.  Types: auxillary rest — google (PM/canine) -- o Lingual plate major connector + indirect retainer -- o Canine extension from mesial rest