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<rss xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:podcast="https://podcastindex.org/namespace/1.0" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" version="2.0"><channel><title>Hobbes</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/hobbes--7014658</link><description><![CDATA[Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) famously wrote that in the state of nature "the life of man" was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." In his own long life of ninety-one years, Hobbes survived the turmoil of the English Civil War. In his "Leviathan," he expounded a new version of social contract theory in which the contract is not between the subjects and the sovereign, but between the subjects themselves. Leslie Stephens writes that for Hobbes this contract required an absolute sovereign, as depicted in the frontispiece of "Leviathan, "a composite giant, his body made of human beings" who "holds the sword in one hand and a crozier in the other," a mortal god, a governing machine. (Summary by Pamela Nagami, M.D.)]]></description><atom:link href="https://www.spreaker.com/show/7014658/episodes/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><language>en</language><category>Books</category><copyright>Copyright Autobiographies Genre</copyright><image><url>https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg</url><title>Hobbes</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/hobbes--7014658</link></image><lastBuildDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 10:03:18 +0000</lastBuildDate><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:owner><itunes:name>Autobiographies Genre</itunes:name><itunes:email>spreaker41@podcastlibrary.org</itunes:email></itunes:owner><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:subtitle>Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) famously wrote that in the state of nature "the life of man" was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." In his own long life of ninety-one years, Hobbes survived the turmoil of the English Civil War. In his "Leviathan,"...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) famously wrote that in the state of nature "the life of man" was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." In his own long life of ninety-one years, Hobbes survived the turmoil of the English Civil War. In his "Leviathan," he expounded a new version of social contract theory in which the contract is not between the subjects and the sovereign, but between the subjects themselves. Leslie Stephens writes that for Hobbes this contract required an absolute sovereign, as depicted in the frontispiece of "Leviathan, "a composite giant, his body made of human beings" who "holds the sword in one hand and a crozier in the other," a mortal god, a governing machine. (Summary by Pamela Nagami, M.D.)]]></itunes:summary><itunes:category text="Arts"><itunes:category text="Books"/></itunes:category><itunes:category text="Science"/><itunes:category text="Science"><itunes:category text="Nature"/></itunes:category><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><podcast:guid>4978e0ca-82ff-59bb-b32f-a02fa129c49c</podcast:guid><itunes:type>episodic</itunes:type><item><title>Old Regime and the Revolution-Alexis de Tocqueville</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/old-regime-and-the-revolution-alexis-de-tocqueville--74457131</link><description><![CDATA["Old Regime and the Revolution" by Alexis de Tocqueville examines the complex relationship between the social structures of the pre-revolutionary French monarchy and the transformative forces that led to the Revolution. Tocqueville delves into the political and social dynamics of the Old Regime, highlighting how entrenched hierarchies and institutions set the stage for upheaval. This insightful analysis remains relevant today as it prompts reflection on the balance between tradition and change, the nature of power, and the consequences of social inequality. Tocqueville's exploration of these enduring themes offers valuable lessons for understanding contemporary societal challenges and the ongoing quest for justice and equality.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/74457131</guid><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:06:28 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/74457131/old_regime_and_the_revolution_alexis_de_tocqueville.mp3" length="208695260" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Old Regime and the Revolution" by Alexis de Tocqueville examines the complex relationship between the social structures of the pre-revolutionary French monarchy and the transformative forces that led to the Revolution. Tocqueville delves into the...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Old Regime and the Revolution" by Alexis de Tocqueville examines the complex relationship between the social structures of the pre-revolutionary French monarchy and the transformative forces that led to the Revolution. Tocqueville delves into the political and social dynamics of the Old Regime, highlighting how entrenched hierarchies and institutions set the stage for upheaval. This insightful analysis remains relevant today as it prompts reflection on the balance between tradition and change, the nature of power, and the consequences of social inequality. Tocqueville's exploration of these enduring themes offers valuable lessons for understanding contemporary societal challenges and the ongoing quest for justice and equality.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>26061</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Karl Marx An Essay-Harold J. Laski</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/karl-marx-an-essay-harold-j-laski--74410388</link><description><![CDATA["Karl Marx An Essay" by Harold J. Laski delves into the foundational ideas of one of the most influential thinkers in modern history. Laski explores Marx’s theories, examining their implications on society, economics, and politics. This insightful essay remains relevant today as it prompts listeners to reflect on the ongoing struggles for social justice and economic equality. The themes of class conflict and the critique of capitalism resonate strongly in contemporary discussions, making this work an enduring exploration of Marx's impact on the world. Engaging with Laski's analysis offers a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding Marxist thought and its significance in both historical and modern contexts.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/74410388</guid><pubDate>Sun, 23 Aug 2026 09:05:46 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/74410388/karl_marx_an_essay_harold_j_laski.mp3" length="59055545" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Karl Marx An Essay" by Harold J. Laski delves into the foundational ideas of one of the most influential thinkers in modern history. Laski explores Marx’s theories, examining their implications on society, economics, and politics. This insightful...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Karl Marx An Essay" by Harold J. Laski delves into the foundational ideas of one of the most influential thinkers in modern history. Laski explores Marx’s theories, examining their implications on society, economics, and politics. This insightful essay remains relevant today as it prompts listeners to reflect on the ongoing struggles for social justice and economic equality. The themes of class conflict and the critique of capitalism resonate strongly in contemporary discussions, making this work an enduring exploration of Marx's impact on the world. Engaging with Laski's analysis offers a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding Marxist thought and its significance in both historical and modern contexts.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>7375</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>History of the Middle Ages-Dana Carleton Munro</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/history-of-the-middle-ages-dana-carleton-munro--74327527</link><description><![CDATA["History of the Middle Ages" by Dana Carleton Munro offers a comprehensive exploration of the significant events, cultures, and transformations that shaped this pivotal era in human history. As listeners delve into the complexities of medieval society, they will encounter themes of faith, governance, and the evolution of social structures that continue to influence our modern world. Munro's insightful analysis and engaging narrative make this audiobook not only a valuable resource for history enthusiasts but also a reflection on the enduring legacies of the Middle Ages that resonate with contemporary issues. This exploration invites a deeper understanding of how the past informs our present and shapes our future.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/74327527</guid><pubDate>Sat, 22 Aug 2026 09:05:08 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/74327527/history_of_the_middle_ages_dana_carleton_munro.mp3" length="192957471" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"History of the Middle Ages" by Dana Carleton Munro offers a comprehensive exploration of the significant events, cultures, and transformations that shaped this pivotal era in human history. As listeners delve into the complexities of medieval...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["History of the Middle Ages" by Dana Carleton Munro offers a comprehensive exploration of the significant events, cultures, and transformations that shaped this pivotal era in human history. As listeners delve into the complexities of medieval society, they will encounter themes of faith, governance, and the evolution of social structures that continue to influence our modern world. Munro's insightful analysis and engaging narrative make this audiobook not only a valuable resource for history enthusiasts but also a reflection on the enduring legacies of the Middle Ages that resonate with contemporary issues. This exploration invites a deeper understanding of how the past informs our present and shapes our future.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>24096</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius, Book 2-Niccolò Machiavelli</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/discourses-on-the-first-decade-of-titus-livius-book-2-niccolo-machiavelli--74274964</link><description><![CDATA["Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius, Book 2" by Niccolò Machiavelli delves into the political and historical reflections inspired by the works of the ancient Roman historian Livy. Machiavelli explores themes of governance, power dynamics, and the complexities of human nature, offering insights that remain relevant in contemporary discussions about leadership and statecraft. The text encourages listeners to reflect on the enduring principles of political philosophy and the lessons that history imparts on current affairs. Its exploration of civic virtue and the role of the individual in society continues to resonate, making it a timeless study for anyone interested in the foundations of political thought.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/74274964</guid><pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 09:06:21 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/74274964/discourses_on_the_first_decade_of_titus_livius_book_2_niccolo_machiavelli.mp3" length="134226353" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius, Book 2" by Niccolò Machiavelli delves into the political and historical reflections inspired by the works of the ancient Roman historian Livy. Machiavelli explores themes of governance, power dynamics,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius, Book 2" by Niccolò Machiavelli delves into the political and historical reflections inspired by the works of the ancient Roman historian Livy. Machiavelli explores themes of governance, power dynamics, and the complexities of human nature, offering insights that remain relevant in contemporary discussions about leadership and statecraft. The text encourages listeners to reflect on the enduring principles of political philosophy and the lessons that history imparts on current affairs. Its exploration of civic virtue and the role of the individual in society continues to resonate, making it a timeless study for anyone interested in the foundations of political thought.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>16762</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Little Journeys to the Homes of American Statesmen-Elbert Hubbard</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/little-journeys-to-the-homes-of-american-statesmen-elbert-hubbard--74155338</link><description><![CDATA["Little Journeys to the Homes of American Statesmen" by Elbert Hubbard offers a unique glimpse into the lives and environments of influential American leaders. This collection of essays not only highlights the personal stories of these statesmen but also reflects on their contributions to the nation’s history. Listening to this audiobook today allows us to appreciate the enduring values of leadership, integrity, and dedication that these figures embodied. Hubbard’s insightful observations remind us of the importance of understanding our past and the legacies left by those who shaped the American landscape. It serves as a timeless exploration of character and influence that continues to resonate with contemporary audiences.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/74155338</guid><pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 09:06:21 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/74155338/little_journeys_to_the_homes_of_american_statesmen_elbert_hubbard.mp3" length="202051533" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Little Journeys to the Homes of American Statesmen" by Elbert Hubbard offers a unique glimpse into the lives and environments of influential American leaders. This collection of essays not only highlights the personal stories of these statesmen but...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Little Journeys to the Homes of American Statesmen" by Elbert Hubbard offers a unique glimpse into the lives and environments of influential American leaders. This collection of essays not only highlights the personal stories of these statesmen but also reflects on their contributions to the nation’s history. Listening to this audiobook today allows us to appreciate the enduring values of leadership, integrity, and dedication that these figures embodied. Hubbard’s insightful observations remind us of the importance of understanding our past and the legacies left by those who shaped the American landscape. It serves as a timeless exploration of character and influence that continues to resonate with contemporary audiences.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>25231</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Underground Railroad, Part 2-William Still</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/underground-railroad-part-2-william-still--74102372</link><description><![CDATA["Underground Railroad, Part 2-William Still" delves into the remarkable efforts of William Still, a key figure in the Underground Railroad, who played a vital role in helping enslaved individuals escape to freedom. This audiobook captures the essence of resilience, courage, and the relentless pursuit of justice, themes that continue to resonate in today's society as we confront issues of inequality and human rights. Still's dedication to documenting the stories of those he aided not only sheds light on the historical struggle for freedom but also serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of activism and compassion in the face of adversity.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/74102372</guid><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 09:06:03 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/74102372/underground_railroad_part_2_william_still.mp3" length="263047525" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Underground Railroad, Part 2-William Still" delves into the remarkable efforts of William Still, a key figure in the Underground Railroad, who played a vital role in helping enslaved individuals escape to freedom. This audiobook captures the essence...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Underground Railroad, Part 2-William Still" delves into the remarkable efforts of William Still, a key figure in the Underground Railroad, who played a vital role in helping enslaved individuals escape to freedom. This audiobook captures the essence of resilience, courage, and the relentless pursuit of justice, themes that continue to resonate in today's society as we confront issues of inequality and human rights. Still's dedication to documenting the stories of those he aided not only sheds light on the historical struggle for freedom but also serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of activism and compassion in the face of adversity.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>32848</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Orion Clemens-Fred W. Lorch</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/orion-clemens-fred-w-lorch--74048529</link><description><![CDATA["Orion Clemens" by Fred W. Lorch invites listeners into a world rich with exploration and introspection. This audiobook delves into the life and experiences of Orion Clemens, shedding light on themes of identity, family, and the human condition that resonate across generations. As listeners engage with Clemens' journey, they are reminded of the timeless struggles and triumphs that shape our understanding of self and society. The narrative's enduring appeal lies in its ability to connect deeply with the listener's own experiences, making it a compelling choice for anyone seeking insight into the complexities of life and the bonds that unite us all.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/74048529</guid><pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2026 09:06:05 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/74048529/orion_clemens_fred_w_lorch.mp3" length="30684120" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Orion Clemens" by Fred W. Lorch invites listeners into a world rich with exploration and introspection. This audiobook delves into the life and experiences of Orion Clemens, shedding light on themes of identity, family, and the human condition that...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Orion Clemens" by Fred W. Lorch invites listeners into a world rich with exploration and introspection. This audiobook delves into the life and experiences of Orion Clemens, shedding light on themes of identity, family, and the human condition that resonate across generations. As listeners engage with Clemens' journey, they are reminded of the timeless struggles and triumphs that shape our understanding of self and society. The narrative's enduring appeal lies in its ability to connect deeply with the listener's own experiences, making it a compelling choice for anyone seeking insight into the complexities of life and the bonds that unite us all.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3832</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum Address, with an Introduction by Theodore Roosevelt-Various</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/abraham-lincoln-s-lyceum-address-with-an-introduction-by-theodore-roosevelt-various--73994802</link><description><![CDATA[Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum Address, accompanied by an introduction from Theodore Roosevelt, presents a profound exploration of the themes of law, order, and the moral responsibilities of citizens in a democracy. Delivered in 1838, Lincoln's address reflects on the importance of upholding justice and the rule of law as a safeguard against tyranny and chaos. Its enduring relevance lies in the timeless call for civic duty and the need for a vigilant citizenry to protect democratic values. As we navigate contemporary challenges to social order and governance, Lincoln's insights serve as a powerful reminder of the foundational principles that sustain a free society.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73994802</guid><pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 09:06:17 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73994802/abraham_lincoln_s_lyceum_address_with_an_introduction_by_theodore_roosevelt_various.mp3" length="21082391" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum Address, accompanied by an introduction from Theodore Roosevelt, presents a profound exploration of the themes of law, order, and the moral responsibilities of citizens in a democracy. Delivered in 1838, Lincoln's address...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum Address, accompanied by an introduction from Theodore Roosevelt, presents a profound exploration of the themes of law, order, and the moral responsibilities of citizens in a democracy. Delivered in 1838, Lincoln's address reflects on the importance of upholding justice and the rule of law as a safeguard against tyranny and chaos. Its enduring relevance lies in the timeless call for civic duty and the need for a vigilant citizenry to protect democratic values. As we navigate contemporary challenges to social order and governance, Lincoln's insights serve as a powerful reminder of the foundational principles that sustain a free society.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2633</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Our Southern Highlanders-Horace Kephart</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/our-southern-highlanders-horace-kephart--73940154</link><description><![CDATA["Our Southern Highlanders" by Horace Kephart offers a vivid exploration of the life and culture of the Southern Appalachian region. Through Kephart's keen observations and rich narrative, listeners are invited to experience the unique traditions, struggles, and resilience of the highland communities. This timeless work resonates today as it highlights the enduring spirit of rural life and the connection between people and their environment. Kephart's deep appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the mountains serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving cultural heritage and understanding our roots.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73940154</guid><pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2026 09:05:54 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73940154/our_southern_highlanders_horace_kephart.mp3" length="250390930" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Our Southern Highlanders" by Horace Kephart offers a vivid exploration of the life and culture of the Southern Appalachian region. Through Kephart's keen observations and rich narrative, listeners are invited to experience the unique traditions,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Our Southern Highlanders" by Horace Kephart offers a vivid exploration of the life and culture of the Southern Appalachian region. Through Kephart's keen observations and rich narrative, listeners are invited to experience the unique traditions, struggles, and resilience of the highland communities. This timeless work resonates today as it highlights the enduring spirit of rural life and the connection between people and their environment. Kephart's deep appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the mountains serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving cultural heritage and understanding our roots.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>31268</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs-William Tecumseh Sherman</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/sherman-s-recollections-of-california-1846-1848-1855-1857-from-his-memoirs-william-tecumseh-sherman--73879208</link><description><![CDATA[Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs offers a vivid glimpse into the transformative years of California's early history through the eyes of William Tecumseh Sherman. This audiobook captures the essence of a time marked by exploration, conflict, and the quest for opportunity, reflecting themes of ambition and resilience that resonate with listeners today. Sherman's firsthand accounts provide a unique perspective on the challenges and triumphs faced by those who shaped the Golden State. His reflections not only enrich our understanding of California's past but also highlight the enduring spirit of adventure and determination that continues to inspire us in the present.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73879208</guid><pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2026 09:06:27 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73879208/sherman_s_recollections_of_california_1846_1848_1855_1857_from_his_memoirs_william_tecumseh_sherman.mp3" length="118794558" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs offers a vivid glimpse into the transformative years of California's early history through the eyes of William Tecumseh Sherman. This audiobook captures the essence of a...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs offers a vivid glimpse into the transformative years of California's early history through the eyes of William Tecumseh Sherman. This audiobook captures the essence of a time marked by exploration, conflict, and the quest for opportunity, reflecting themes of ambition and resilience that resonate with listeners today. Sherman's firsthand accounts provide a unique perspective on the challenges and triumphs faced by those who shaped the Golden State. His reflections not only enrich our understanding of California's past but also highlight the enduring spirit of adventure and determination that continues to inspire us in the present.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>14834</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Theodore Roosevelt; An Address Delivered Before The Congress Of The United States-Henry Cabot Lodge</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/theodore-roosevelt-an-address-delivered-before-the-congress-of-the-united-states-henry-cabot-lodge--73805339</link><description><![CDATA["Theodore Roosevelt; An Address Delivered Before The Congress Of The United States" by Henry Cabot Lodge captures the essence of Roosevelt's vision and leadership as he addresses the legislative body of the nation. This poignant address reflects Roosevelt's commitment to progressivism, emphasizing themes of responsibility, national strength, and civic duty that continue to resonate in contemporary discourse. Hearing this address now offers listeners a chance to reflect on the enduring principles of leadership and public service that Roosevelt championed.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73805339</guid><pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 09:03:41 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73805339/theodore_roosevelt_an_address_delivered_before_the_congress_of_the_united_states_henry_cabot_lodge.mp3" length="39646441" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Theodore Roosevelt; An Address Delivered Before The Congress Of The United States" by Henry Cabot Lodge captures the essence of Roosevelt's vision and leadership as he addresses the legislative body of the nation. This poignant address reflects...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Theodore Roosevelt; An Address Delivered Before The Congress Of The United States" by Henry Cabot Lodge captures the essence of Roosevelt's vision and leadership as he addresses the legislative body of the nation. This poignant address reflects Roosevelt's commitment to progressivism, emphasizing themes of responsibility, national strength, and civic duty that continue to resonate in contemporary discourse. Hearing this address now offers listeners a chance to reflect on the enduring principles of leadership and public service that Roosevelt championed.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>4951</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>David Hume and his Influence on Philosophy and Theology-James Orr</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/david-hume-and-his-influence-on-philosophy-and-theology-james-orr--73768122</link><description><![CDATA["David Hume and his Influence on Philosophy and Theology" by James Orr explores the profound impact of Hume's ideas on the fields of philosophy and theology. This work delves into Hume's critical examination of human understanding and the nature of belief, highlighting how his thoughts continue to shape contemporary discussions around faith and reason. The themes of skepticism and empiricism resonate powerfully today, inviting listeners to reflect on the foundations of their own beliefs and the interplay between knowledge and faith. Orr's insightful analysis offers a timeless perspective on Hume's legacy, making it essential listening for anyone interested in the evolution of philosophical thought.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73768122</guid><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 09:03:32 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73768122/david_hume_and_his_influence_on_philosophy_and_theology_james_orr.mp3" length="205792124" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"David Hume and his Influence on Philosophy and Theology" by James Orr explores the profound impact of Hume's ideas on the fields of philosophy and theology. This work delves into Hume's critical examination of human understanding and the nature of...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["David Hume and his Influence on Philosophy and Theology" by James Orr explores the profound impact of Hume's ideas on the fields of philosophy and theology. This work delves into Hume's critical examination of human understanding and the nature of belief, highlighting how his thoughts continue to shape contemporary discussions around faith and reason. The themes of skepticism and empiricism resonate powerfully today, inviting listeners to reflect on the foundations of their own beliefs and the interplay between knowledge and faith. Orr's insightful analysis offers a timeless perspective on Hume's legacy, making it essential listening for anyone interested in the evolution of philosophical thought.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>25698</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Old Regime and the Revolution-Alexis de Tocqueville</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/old-regime-and-the-revolution-alexis-de-tocqueville--73734542</link><description><![CDATA["Old Regime and the Revolution" by Alexis de Tocqueville explores the intricate relationship between the social structures of the old regime in France and the revolutionary changes that followed. Tocqueville analyzes how the remnants of aristocratic privilege and centralized power set the stage for the upheaval of the French Revolution, offering profound insights into the dynamics of political and social change. This work remains relevant today as it prompts reflection on the balance between tradition and progress, the nature of authority, and the consequences of revolution.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73734542</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 09:03:52 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73734542/old_regime_and_the_revolution_alexis_de_tocqueville.mp3" length="208695260" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Old Regime and the Revolution" by Alexis de Tocqueville explores the intricate relationship between the social structures of the old regime in France and the revolutionary changes that followed. Tocqueville analyzes how the remnants of aristocratic...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Old Regime and the Revolution" by Alexis de Tocqueville explores the intricate relationship between the social structures of the old regime in France and the revolutionary changes that followed. Tocqueville analyzes how the remnants of aristocratic privilege and centralized power set the stage for the upheaval of the French Revolution, offering profound insights into the dynamics of political and social change. This work remains relevant today as it prompts reflection on the balance between tradition and progress, the nature of authority, and the consequences of revolution.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>26061</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Culture and Anarchy-Matthew Arnold</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/culture-and-anarchy-matthew-arnold--73708907</link><description><![CDATA["Culture and Anarchy" by Matthew Arnold delves into the relationship between culture and societal order, exploring how the two can coexist harmoniously. Arnold critiques the chaos of his time and advocates for a cultural framework that fosters moral and intellectual growth. This work remains relevant today as it addresses the ongoing struggle between individualism and community, urging listeners to reflect on the importance of culture in shaping a cohesive society. Arnold's insights into the role of culture as a guiding force resonate in contemporary discussions about social cohesion and the challenges of modern life, making this audiobook a timeless exploration of the human condition.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73708907</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 09:03:56 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73708907/culture_and_anarchy_matthew_arnold.mp3" length="173751022" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Culture and Anarchy" by Matthew Arnold delves into the relationship between culture and societal order, exploring how the two can coexist harmoniously. Arnold critiques the chaos of his time and advocates for a cultural framework that fosters moral...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Culture and Anarchy" by Matthew Arnold delves into the relationship between culture and societal order, exploring how the two can coexist harmoniously. Arnold critiques the chaos of his time and advocates for a cultural framework that fosters moral and intellectual growth. This work remains relevant today as it addresses the ongoing struggle between individualism and community, urging listeners to reflect on the importance of culture in shaping a cohesive society. Arnold's insights into the role of culture as a guiding force resonate in contemporary discussions about social cohesion and the challenges of modern life, making this audiobook a timeless exploration of the human condition.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>21697</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Daughter of the Sky The Story of Amelia Earhart-Paul L. Briand, Jr</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/daughter-of-the-sky-the-story-of-amelia-earhart-paul-l-briand-jr--73686020</link><description><![CDATA[Daughter of the Sky: The Story of Amelia Earhart by Paul L. Briand, Jr. delves into the life and legacy of one of aviation's most iconic figures, Amelia Earhart. This compelling narrative captures her pioneering spirit and relentless pursuit of adventure, which continue to inspire generations. As a trailblazer in a male-dominated field, Earhart's story resonates with themes of courage, determination, and the quest for equality that are still relevant today. Her remarkable journey not only transformed the landscape of aviation but also challenged societal norms, making this audiobook a timeless exploration of ambition and resilience.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73686020</guid><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 09:03:57 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73686020/daughter_of_the_sky_the_story_of_amelia_earhart_paul_l_briand_jr.mp3" length="229413196" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Daughter of the Sky: The Story of Amelia Earhart by Paul L. Briand, Jr. delves into the life and legacy of one of aviation's most iconic figures, Amelia Earhart. This compelling narrative captures her pioneering spirit and relentless pursuit of...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Daughter of the Sky: The Story of Amelia Earhart by Paul L. Briand, Jr. delves into the life and legacy of one of aviation's most iconic figures, Amelia Earhart. This compelling narrative captures her pioneering spirit and relentless pursuit of adventure, which continue to inspire generations. As a trailblazer in a male-dominated field, Earhart's story resonates with themes of courage, determination, and the quest for equality that are still relevant today. Her remarkable journey not only transformed the landscape of aviation but also challenged societal norms, making this audiobook a timeless exploration of ambition and resilience.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>28648</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs-William Tecumseh Sherman</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/sherman-s-recollections-of-california-1846-1848-1855-1857-from-his-memoirs-william-tecumseh-sherman--73660394</link><description><![CDATA[Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs offers a vivid glimpse into the experiences of William Tecumseh Sherman during a transformative period in American history. Reflecting on his time in California, Sherman captures the challenges and triumphs of life in a rapidly changing landscape, showcasing themes of resilience and exploration. His insights into the early days of California reveal not only the spirit of adventure but also the complexities of human ambition and the pursuit of opportunity. This audiobook resonates today as it invites listeners to reflect on the enduring nature of personal and collective journeys in the face of change.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73660394</guid><pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 10:10:56 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73660394/sherman_s_recollections_of_california_1846_1848_1855_1857_from_his_memoirs_william_tecumseh_sherman.mp3" length="118794558" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs offers a vivid glimpse into the experiences of William Tecumseh Sherman during a transformative period in American history. Reflecting on his time in California, Sherman...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Sherman’s Recollections of California, 1846-1848, 1855-1857, from his Memoirs offers a vivid glimpse into the experiences of William Tecumseh Sherman during a transformative period in American history. Reflecting on his time in California, Sherman captures the challenges and triumphs of life in a rapidly changing landscape, showcasing themes of resilience and exploration. His insights into the early days of California reveal not only the spirit of adventure but also the complexities of human ambition and the pursuit of opportunity. This audiobook resonates today as it invites listeners to reflect on the enduring nature of personal and collective journeys in the face of change.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>14834</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Women of the American Revolution Volume 1-Elizabeth F. Ellet</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/women-of-the-american-revolution-volume-1-elizabeth-f-ellet--73636532</link><description><![CDATA["Women of the American Revolution Volume 1" by Elizabeth F. Ellet delves into the significant yet often overlooked contributions of women during a transformative period in American history. This compelling narrative highlights the strength, resilience, and influence of women who played crucial roles in the fight for independence. Listening to this audiobook offers a profound appreciation for the sacrifices and efforts of these pioneering figures, reminding us of the essential place women hold in shaping history. The themes of courage and determination resonate today, encouraging listeners to reflect on the ongoing impact of women's voices in society and the importance of recognizing their contributions across all fields.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73636532</guid><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 20:29:46 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73636532/women_of_the_american_revolution_volume_1_elizabeth_f_ellet.mp3" length="238090997" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Women of the American Revolution Volume 1" by Elizabeth F. Ellet delves into the significant yet often overlooked contributions of women during a transformative period in American history. This compelling narrative highlights the strength,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Women of the American Revolution Volume 1" by Elizabeth F. Ellet delves into the significant yet often overlooked contributions of women during a transformative period in American history. This compelling narrative highlights the strength, resilience, and influence of women who played crucial roles in the fight for independence. Listening to this audiobook offers a profound appreciation for the sacrifices and efforts of these pioneering figures, reminding us of the essential place women hold in shaping history. The themes of courage and determination resonate today, encouraging listeners to reflect on the ongoing impact of women's voices in society and the importance of recognizing their contributions across all fields.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>29732</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects Vol 5-Giorgio Vasari</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/lives-of-the-most-eminent-painters-sculptors-and-architects-vol-5-giorgio-vasari--73593583</link><description><![CDATA["Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects Vol 5-Giorgio Vasari" delves into the lives and contributions of some of the most significant figures in the world of art and architecture, as chronicled by the renowned artist and historian Giorgio Vasari. This volume captures the essence of creativity and the relentless pursuit of artistic excellence, showcasing the profound impact these masters have had on the cultural landscape. Listening to Vasari's insights not only enriches our understanding of art history but also emphasizes the timeless themes of inspiration, innovation, and the human spirit's capacity to transform the ordinary into the extraordinary.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73593583</guid><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 04:00:09 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73593583/lives_of_the_most_eminent_painters_sculptors_and_architects_vol_5_giorgio_vasari.mp3" length="248090208" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects Vol 5-Giorgio Vasari" delves into the lives and contributions of some of the most significant figures in the world of art and architecture, as chronicled by the renowned artist and...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects Vol 5-Giorgio Vasari" delves into the lives and contributions of some of the most significant figures in the world of art and architecture, as chronicled by the renowned artist and historian Giorgio Vasari. This volume captures the essence of creativity and the relentless pursuit of artistic excellence, showcasing the profound impact these masters have had on the cultural landscape. Listening to Vasari's insights not only enriches our understanding of art history but also emphasizes the timeless themes of inspiration, innovation, and the human spirit's capacity to transform the ordinary into the extraordinary.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>30980</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field - Tales They Told to a Fellow Correspondent-Henry William Fischer</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/abroad-with-mark-twain-and-eugene-field-tales-they-told-to-a-fellow-correspondent-henry-william-fischer--73282704</link><description><![CDATA["Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field" by Tales They Told to a Fellow Correspondent-Henry William Fischer offers a captivating glimpse into the travels and experiences of two iconic literary figures. This audiobook invites listeners to explore the wit and wisdom of Mark Twain and Eugene Field as they navigate foreign landscapes and cultural encounters. The themes of adventure and the exploration of human experience resonate strongly today, reminding us of the importance of curiosity and connection in an increasingly globalized world. Fischer's work captures the essence of storytelling that transcends time, making it a timeless piece that continues to inspire and entertain.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/73282704</guid><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 13:26:48 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/73282704/20345_abroad_with_mark_twain_and_eugene_field_tales_they_told_to_a_fellow_correspondent_henry_william_fischer.mp3" length="181189982" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>"Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field" by Tales They Told to a Fellow Correspondent-Henry William Fischer offers a captivating glimpse into the travels and experiences of two iconic literary figures. This audiobook invites listeners to explore the...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA["Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field" by Tales They Told to a Fellow Correspondent-Henry William Fischer offers a captivating glimpse into the travels and experiences of two iconic literary figures. This audiobook invites listeners to explore the wit and wisdom of Mark Twain and Eugene Field as they navigate foreign landscapes and cultural encounters. The themes of adventure and the exploration of human experience resonate strongly today, reminding us of the importance of curiosity and connection in an increasingly globalized world. Fischer's work captures the essence of storytelling that transcends time, making it a timeless piece that continues to inspire and entertain.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>22626</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Hobbes - Leslie Stephen</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/hobbes-leslie-stephen--71895960</link><description><![CDATA[Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) famously wrote that in the state of nature "the life of man" was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." In his own long life of ninety-one years, Hobbes survived the turmoil of the English Civil War. In his "Leviathan," he expounded a new version of social contract theory in which the contract is not between the subjects and the sovereign, but between the subjects themselves. Leslie Stephens writes that for Hobbes this contract required an absolute sovereign, as depicted in the frontispiece of "Leviathan, "a composite giant, his body made of human beings" who "holds the sword in one hand and a crozier in the other," a mortal god, a governing machine. (Summary by Pamela Nagami, M.D.)]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/71895960</guid><pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 18:59:55 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/71895960/hobbes_leslie_stephen.mp3" length="236842039" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Leslie Stephen</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) famously wrote that in the state of nature "the life of man" was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." In his own long life of ninety-one years, Hobbes survived the turmoil of the English Civil War. In his "Leviathan,"...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) famously wrote that in the state of nature "the life of man" was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." In his own long life of ninety-one years, Hobbes survived the turmoil of the English Civil War. In his "Leviathan," he expounded a new version of social contract theory in which the contract is not between the subjects and the sovereign, but between the subjects themselves. Leslie Stephens writes that for Hobbes this contract required an absolute sovereign, as depicted in the frontispiece of "Leviathan, "a composite giant, his body made of human beings" who "holds the sword in one hand and a crozier in the other," a mortal god, a governing machine. (Summary by Pamela Nagami, M.D.)]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>29606</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>autobiography,biography,brutish,contract,crozier,hobbes,leviathan,sovereign,stephen,subjects</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/0ccb2b7bd163bc6960768c7e15d3e507.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item></channel></rss>
