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However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. 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We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:category text="Arts"><itunes:category text="Books"/></itunes:category><itunes:category text="History"/><itunes:category text="News"><itunes:category text="Politics"/></itunes:category><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:type>episodic</itunes:type><item><title>30 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/30-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118904</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118904</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:35:06 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118904/30_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="9894239" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/04afd86d-e0ec-4013-8d6a-9795ea422af8/04afd86d-e0ec-4013-8d6a-9795ea422af8.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/04afd86d-e0ec-4013-8d6a-9795ea422af8/04afd86d-e0ec-4013-8d6a-9795ea422af8.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/04afd86d-e0ec-4013-8d6a-9795ea422af8/04afd86d-e0ec-4013-8d6a-9795ea422af8.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1236</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>29 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/29-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118898</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118898</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:57 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118898/29_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="7793148" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/25274955-bc66-4a7e-a424-e0f13269eabb/25274955-bc66-4a7e-a424-e0f13269eabb.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/25274955-bc66-4a7e-a424-e0f13269eabb/25274955-bc66-4a7e-a424-e0f13269eabb.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/25274955-bc66-4a7e-a424-e0f13269eabb/25274955-bc66-4a7e-a424-e0f13269eabb.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>973</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>28 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/28-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118895</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118895</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:51 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118895/28_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="10302589" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/aa0f0d2b-33d5-4fd3-899d-274d5f9f2fa7/aa0f0d2b-33d5-4fd3-899d-274d5f9f2fa7.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/aa0f0d2b-33d5-4fd3-899d-274d5f9f2fa7/aa0f0d2b-33d5-4fd3-899d-274d5f9f2fa7.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/aa0f0d2b-33d5-4fd3-899d-274d5f9f2fa7/aa0f0d2b-33d5-4fd3-899d-274d5f9f2fa7.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1287</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>27 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/27-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118884</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118884</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:42 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118884/27_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="9710376" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/94b4fdb8-7177-41d8-b0b7-11dd78c2a31c/94b4fdb8-7177-41d8-b0b7-11dd78c2a31c.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/94b4fdb8-7177-41d8-b0b7-11dd78c2a31c/94b4fdb8-7177-41d8-b0b7-11dd78c2a31c.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/94b4fdb8-7177-41d8-b0b7-11dd78c2a31c/94b4fdb8-7177-41d8-b0b7-11dd78c2a31c.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1213</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>26 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/26-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118872</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118872</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:33 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118872/26_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="7720986" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/811719cc-ad21-4fa6-a95d-28ccb42a8cd9/811719cc-ad21-4fa6-a95d-28ccb42a8cd9.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/811719cc-ad21-4fa6-a95d-28ccb42a8cd9/811719cc-ad21-4fa6-a95d-28ccb42a8cd9.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/811719cc-ad21-4fa6-a95d-28ccb42a8cd9/811719cc-ad21-4fa6-a95d-28ccb42a8cd9.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>964</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>25 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/25-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118867</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118867</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:26 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118867/25_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="8285590" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/906f00b2-e0bd-48eb-a608-d51cfcdf9811/906f00b2-e0bd-48eb-a608-d51cfcdf9811.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/906f00b2-e0bd-48eb-a608-d51cfcdf9811/906f00b2-e0bd-48eb-a608-d51cfcdf9811.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/906f00b2-e0bd-48eb-a608-d51cfcdf9811/906f00b2-e0bd-48eb-a608-d51cfcdf9811.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1035</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>24 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/24-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118866</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118866</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:19 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118866/24_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="8311320" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/764e318d-6921-40ef-b3c9-b6736526c3eb/764e318d-6921-40ef-b3c9-b6736526c3eb.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/764e318d-6921-40ef-b3c9-b6736526c3eb/764e318d-6921-40ef-b3c9-b6736526c3eb.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/764e318d-6921-40ef-b3c9-b6736526c3eb/764e318d-6921-40ef-b3c9-b6736526c3eb.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1038</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>23 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/23-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118865</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118865</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:11 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118865/23_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="4820792" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/b2306c90-c6a3-4561-af69-8beb88db3dec/b2306c90-c6a3-4561-af69-8beb88db3dec.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/b2306c90-c6a3-4561-af69-8beb88db3dec/b2306c90-c6a3-4561-af69-8beb88db3dec.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/b2306c90-c6a3-4561-af69-8beb88db3dec/b2306c90-c6a3-4561-af69-8beb88db3dec.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>602</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>22 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/22-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118864</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118864</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:06 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118864/22_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="6608929" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/a39badb8-43ea-4b6c-9c32-aed4978e92bb/a39badb8-43ea-4b6c-9c32-aed4978e92bb.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/a39badb8-43ea-4b6c-9c32-aed4978e92bb/a39badb8-43ea-4b6c-9c32-aed4978e92bb.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/a39badb8-43ea-4b6c-9c32-aed4978e92bb/a39badb8-43ea-4b6c-9c32-aed4978e92bb.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>826</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>21 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/21-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118862</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118862</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:34:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118862/21_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="6608341" type="audio/mpeg"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/b25aa20f-e65a-41b8-95ea-994031aa531c/b25aa20f-e65a-41b8-95ea-994031aa531c.srt" type="application/x-subrip" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/b25aa20f-e65a-41b8-95ea-994031aa531c/b25aa20f-e65a-41b8-95ea-994031aa531c.txt" type="text/plain" language="en"/><podcast:transcript url="https://transcription.spreaker.com/starship/b25aa20f-e65a-41b8-95ea-994031aa531c/b25aa20f-e65a-41b8-95ea-994031aa531c.vtt" type="text/vtt" language="en"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>826</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>20 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/20-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118859</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118859</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:33:54 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118859/20_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="8929502" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. 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Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1115</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>19 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/19-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118857</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118857</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:33:46 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118857/19_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="12125669" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1514</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>18 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/18-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118856</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118856</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:33:36 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118856/18_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="9174445" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. 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Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1146</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>17 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/17-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118854</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118854</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:33:28 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118854/17_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="7513038" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>938</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>16 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/16-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118853</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118853</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:33:22 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118853/16_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="8399197" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. 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We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. 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By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118838</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:31:55 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118838/06_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="8655425" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>1081</itunes:duration><itunes:keywords>england,france,fronde,history,louis-xiv,mazarin,monarchy,rebellion,restoration,westphalia</itunes:keywords><itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/47cefd1a21bfc6893907060cb2be3ca2.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>05 - English Restoration and Louis XIV by Osmund Airy</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/episode/05-english-restoration-and-louis-xiv-by-osmund-airy--67118836</link><description><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118836</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:31:47 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118836/05_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="8431384" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. 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By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118835</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:31:39 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118835/04_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="8519868" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. We explore a time when Cardinal Mazarin, fresh off concluding the pivotal Peace of Westphalia for France, had to face the noble rebellions known as the Fronde. By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. 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By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118833</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:31:32 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118833/03_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="15034000" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. 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By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118829</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:31:20 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118829/02_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="7302175" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. 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By the time Mazarin drew his last breath in 1661, he had paved the way for Louis XIV to become an absolute monarch, eager to expand his realm through conquest. However, opposition arose from the young Stadtholder, William III of Orange in Holland, and the reinstated Charles II in England, who was dealing with Parliament, placating religious factions, and squashing both real and imagined plots, all while frivolously spending Louiss clandestine subsidies. Join us as we unpack this riveting time in history.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://api.spreaker.com/episode/67118828</guid><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 22:31:13 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/api.spreaker.com/download/episode/67118828/01_english_restoration_and_louis_xiv_by_osmund_airy.mp3" length="3662689" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Osmund Airy</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Dive into the intriguing period between 1648 and 1679 with British historian Osmund Airy. 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