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<rss xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:podcast="https://podcastindex.org/namespace/1.0" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" version="2.0"><channel><title>In Our Time</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/show/in-our-time_1</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of ideas]]></description><atom:link href="https://www.spreaker.com/show/4620383/episodes/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><language>en</language><category>History</category><copyright>Copyright Vendjii Karamata</copyright><image><url>https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg</url><title>In Our Time</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/show/in-our-time_1</link></image><lastBuildDate>Wed, 05 Apr 2023 14:05:58 +0000</lastBuildDate><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:owner><itunes:name>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:name><itunes:email>feeds@spreaker.com</itunes:email></itunes:owner><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of ideas</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of ideas]]></itunes:summary><itunes:category text="History"/><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:type>episodic</itunes:type><item><title>Superconductivity</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/superconductivity</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the discovery made in 1911 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926).  He came to call it Superconductivity and it is a set of physical properties that nobody predicted and that none, since, have fully explained.  When he lowered the temperature of mercury close to absolute zero and ran an electrical current through it, Kamerlingh Onnes found not that it had low resistance but that it had no resistance.  Later, in addition, it was noticed that a superconductor expels its magnetic field.  In the century or more that has followed, superconductors have already been used to make MRI scanners and to speed particles through the Large Hadron Collider and they may perhaps bring nuclear fusion a little closer (a step that could be world changing).  The image above is from a photograph taken by Stephen Blundell of a piece of superconductor levitating above a magnet.  With   Nigel Hussey Professor of Experimental Condensed Matter Physics at the University of Bristol and Radbout University  Suchitra Sebastian Professor of Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge  And  Stephen Blundell Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and Fellow of Mansfield College  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001hfpc</guid><pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980079/p0dyp9sc.mp3" length="49369061" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the discovery made in 1911 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926).  He came to call it Superconductivity and it is a set of physical properties that nobody predicted and that none, since, have fully...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the discovery made in 1911 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926).  He came to call it Superconductivity and it is a set of physical properties that nobody predicted and that none, since, have fully explained.  When he lowered the temperature of mercury close to absolute zero and ran an electrical current through it, Kamerlingh Onnes found not that it had low resistance but that it had no resistance.  Later, in addition, it was noticed that a superconductor expels its magnetic field.  In the century or more that has followed, superconductors have already been used to make MRI scanners and to speed particles through the Large Hadron Collider and they may perhaps bring nuclear fusion a little closer (a step that could be world changing).  The image above is from a photograph taken by Stephen Blundell of a piece of superconductor levitating above a magnet.  With   Nigel Hussey Professor of Experimental Condensed Matter Physics at the University of Bristol and Radbout University  Suchitra Sebastian Professor of Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge  And  Stephen Blundell Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and Fellow of Mansfield College  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3086</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Rawls' Theory of Justice</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/rawls-theory-of-justice</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss A Theory of Justice by John Rawls (1921 - 2002) which has been called the most influential book in twentieth century political philosophy. It was first published in 1971.  Rawls (pictured above)  drew on his own experience in WW2 and saw the chance in its aftermath to build a new society, one founded on personal liberty and fair equality of opportunity.  While in that just society there could be inequalities, Rawls’ radical idea was that those inequalities must be to the greatest advantage not to the richest but to the worst off.    With  Fabienne Peter Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick  Martin O’Neill Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of York  And   Jonathan Wolff The Alfred Landecker Professor of Values and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford and Fellow of Wolfson College  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001h4bz</guid><pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2023 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979247/p0dwwk8p.mp3" length="58884752" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss A Theory of Justice by John Rawls (1921 - 2002) which has been called the most influential book in twentieth century political philosophy. It was first published in 1971.  Rawls (pictured above)  drew on his own...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss A Theory of Justice by John Rawls (1921 - 2002) which has been called the most influential book in twentieth century political philosophy. It was first published in 1971.  Rawls (pictured above)  drew on his own experience in WW2 and saw the chance in its aftermath to build a new society, one founded on personal liberty and fair equality of opportunity.  While in that just society there could be inequalities, Rawls’ radical idea was that those inequalities must be to the greatest advantage not to the richest but to the worst off.    With  Fabienne Peter Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick  Martin O’Neill Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of York  And   Jonathan Wolff The Alfred Landecker Professor of Values and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford and Fellow of Wolfson College  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3681</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>John Donne</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/john-donne</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Donne (1573-1631), known now as one of England’s finest poets of love and notable in his own time as an astonishing preacher.  He was born a Catholic in a Protestant country and, when he married Anne More without her father's knowledge, Donne lost his job in the government circle and fell into a poverty that only ended once he became a priest in the Church of England. As Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral, his sermons were celebrated, perhaps none more than his final one in 1631 when he was plainly in his dying days, as if preaching at his own funeral.  The image above is from a miniature in the Royal Collection and was painted in 1616 by Isaac Oliver (1565-1617)  With   Mary Ann Lund Associate Professor in Renaissance English Literature at the University of Leicester  Sue Wiseman Professor of Seventeenth Century Literature at Birkbeck, University of London  And   Hugh Adlington Professor of English Literature at the University of Birmingham]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001gx0k</guid><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2023 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52978990/p0dvmq98.mp3" length="50376329" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Donne (1573-1631), known now as one of England’s finest poets of love and notable in his own time as an astonishing preacher.  He was born a Catholic in a Protestant country and, when he married Anne More without her...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Donne (1573-1631), known now as one of England’s finest poets of love and notable in his own time as an astonishing preacher.  He was born a Catholic in a Protestant country and, when he married Anne More without her father's knowledge, Donne lost his job in the government circle and fell into a poverty that only ended once he became a priest in the Church of England. As Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral, his sermons were celebrated, perhaps none more than his final one in 1631 when he was plainly in his dying days, as if preaching at his own funeral.  The image above is from a miniature in the Royal Collection and was painted in 1616 by Isaac Oliver (1565-1617)  With   Mary Ann Lund Associate Professor in Renaissance English Literature at the University of Leicester  Sue Wiseman Professor of Seventeenth Century Literature at Birkbeck, University of London  And   Hugh Adlington Professor of English Literature at the University of Birmingham]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3149</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Great Stink</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-great-stink</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the stench from the River Thames in the hot summer of 1858 and how it appalled and terrified Londoners living and working beside it, including those in the new Houses of Parliament which were still under construction. There had been an outbreak of cholera a few years before in which tens of thousands had died, and a popular theory held that foul smells were linked to diseases. The source of the problem was that London's sewage, once carted off to fertilise fields had recently, thanks to the modern flushing systems, started to flow into the river and, thanks to the ebb and flow of the tides, was staying there and warming in the summer sun. The engineer Joseph Bazalgette was given the task to build huge new sewers to intercept the waste, a vast network, so changing the look of London and helping ensure there were no further cholera outbreaks from contaminated water.  The image above is from Punch, July 10th 1858 and it has this caption: The 'Silent Highway'-Man. "Your Money or your Life!"  With  Rosemary Ashton Emeritus Quain Professor of English Language and Literature at University College London  Stephen Halliday Author of ‘The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis’  And  Paul Dobraszczyk Lecturer at the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001gjcm</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979198/p0dqp17m.mp3" length="50228694" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the stench from the River Thames in the hot summer of 1858 and how it appalled and terrified Londoners living and working beside it, including those in the new Houses of Parliament which were still under construction....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the stench from the River Thames in the hot summer of 1858 and how it appalled and terrified Londoners living and working beside it, including those in the new Houses of Parliament which were still under construction. There had been an outbreak of cholera a few years before in which tens of thousands had died, and a popular theory held that foul smells were linked to diseases. The source of the problem was that London's sewage, once carted off to fertilise fields had recently, thanks to the modern flushing systems, started to flow into the river and, thanks to the ebb and flow of the tides, was staying there and warming in the summer sun. The engineer Joseph Bazalgette was given the task to build huge new sewers to intercept the waste, a vast network, so changing the look of London and helping ensure there were no further cholera outbreaks from contaminated water.  The image above is from Punch, July 10th 1858 and it has this caption: The 'Silent Highway'-Man. "Your Money or your Life!"  With  Rosemary Ashton Emeritus Quain Professor of English Language and Literature at University College London  Stephen Halliday Author of ‘The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis’  And  Paul Dobraszczyk Lecturer at the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3140</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Persuasion</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/persuasion</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Jane Austen’s last complete novel, which was published just before Christmas in 1817, five months after her death.  It is the story of Anne Elliot, now 27 and (so we are told), losing her bloom, and of her feelings for Captain Wentworth who she was engaged to, 8 years before – an engagement she broke off under pressure from her father and godmother.  When Wentworth, by chance, comes back into Anne Elliot's life, he is still angry with her and neither she nor Austen's readers can know whether it is now too late for their thwarted love to have a second chance.  The image above is from a 1995 BBC adaptation of the novel, with Amanda Root and Ciarán Hinds   With  Karen O’Brien Vice-Chancellor of Durham University  Fiona Stafford Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Oxford  And  Paddy Bullard Associate Professor of English Literature and Book History at the University of Reading  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001g9cv</guid><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979660/p0dqfq1v.mp3" length="49444280" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Jane Austen’s last complete novel, which was published just before Christmas in 1817, five months after her death.  It is the story of Anne Elliot, now 27 and (so we are told), losing her bloom, and of her feelings for...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Jane Austen’s last complete novel, which was published just before Christmas in 1817, five months after her death.  It is the story of Anne Elliot, now 27 and (so we are told), losing her bloom, and of her feelings for Captain Wentworth who she was engaged to, 8 years before – an engagement she broke off under pressure from her father and godmother.  When Wentworth, by chance, comes back into Anne Elliot's life, he is still angry with her and neither she nor Austen's readers can know whether it is now too late for their thwarted love to have a second chance.  The image above is from a 1995 BBC adaptation of the novel, with Amanda Root and Ciarán Hinds   With  Karen O’Brien Vice-Chancellor of Durham University  Fiona Stafford Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Oxford  And  Paddy Bullard Associate Professor of English Literature and Book History at the University of Reading  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3091</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Citizen Kane</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/citizen-kane</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Orson Welles' film, released in 1941, which is widely acclaimed as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, films yet made.  Welles plays the lead role of Charles Foster Kane, a newspaper magnate, and Welles directed, produced and co-wrote this story of loneliness at the heart of a megalomaniac. The plot was partly inspired by the life of William Randolph Hearst, who then used the power of his own newspapers to try to suppress the film’s release.  It was to take some years before Citizen Kane reached a fuller audience and, from that point, become so celebrated.  The image above is of Kane addressing a public meeting while running for Governor.  With   Stella Bruzzi Professor of Film and Dean of Arts and Humanities at University College London  Ian Christie Professor of Film and Media History at Birkbeck, University of London  And   John David Rhodes Professor of Film Studies and Visual Culture at the University of Cambridge  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001g37l</guid><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2023 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980275/p0dnq5gr.mp3" length="52810152" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Orson Welles' film, released in 1941, which is widely acclaimed as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, films yet made.  Welles plays the lead role of Charles Foster Kane, a newspaper magnate, and Welles directed,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Orson Welles' film, released in 1941, which is widely acclaimed as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, films yet made.  Welles plays the lead role of Charles Foster Kane, a newspaper magnate, and Welles directed, produced and co-wrote this story of loneliness at the heart of a megalomaniac. The plot was partly inspired by the life of William Randolph Hearst, who then used the power of his own newspapers to try to suppress the film’s release.  It was to take some years before Citizen Kane reached a fuller audience and, from that point, become so celebrated.  The image above is of Kane addressing a public meeting while running for Governor.  With   Stella Bruzzi Professor of Film and Dean of Arts and Humanities at University College London  Ian Christie Professor of Film and Media History at Birkbeck, University of London  And   John David Rhodes Professor of Film Studies and Visual Culture at the University of Cambridge  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3301</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Irish Rebellion of 1798</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-irish-rebellion-of-1798</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the momentum behind rebellion in Ireland in 1798, the people behind the rebellion and the impact over the next few years and after. Amid wider unrest, the United Irishmen set the rebellion on its way, inspired by the French and American revolutionaries and their pursuit of liberty. When it broke out in May the United Irishmen had an estimated two hundred thousand members, Catholic and Protestant, and the prospect of a French invasion fleet to back them. Crucially for the prospects of success, some of those members were British spies who exposed the plans and the military were largely ready - though not in Wexford where the scale of rebellion was much greater. The fighting was initially fierce and brutal and marked with sectarianism but had largely been suppressed by the time the French arrived in August to declare a short-lived republic. The consequences of the rebellion were to be far reaching, not least in the passing of Acts of Union in 1800.  The image above is of Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763 - 1798), prominent member of the United Irishmen  With   Ian McBride Foster Professor of Irish History at Hertford College, University of Oxford  Catriona Kennedy Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the University of York  And   Liam Chambers Head of Department and Senior Lecturer in History at Mary Immaculate College, Limerick  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001fwb9</guid><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2023 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979834/p0dmj6vh.mp3" length="53868830" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the momentum behind rebellion in Ireland in 1798, the people behind the rebellion and the impact over the next few years and after. Amid wider unrest, the United Irishmen set the rebellion on its way, inspired by the...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the momentum behind rebellion in Ireland in 1798, the people behind the rebellion and the impact over the next few years and after. Amid wider unrest, the United Irishmen set the rebellion on its way, inspired by the French and American revolutionaries and their pursuit of liberty. When it broke out in May the United Irishmen had an estimated two hundred thousand members, Catholic and Protestant, and the prospect of a French invasion fleet to back them. Crucially for the prospects of success, some of those members were British spies who exposed the plans and the military were largely ready - though not in Wexford where the scale of rebellion was much greater. The fighting was initially fierce and brutal and marked with sectarianism but had largely been suppressed by the time the French arrived in August to declare a short-lived republic. The consequences of the rebellion were to be far reaching, not least in the passing of Acts of Union in 1800.  The image above is of Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763 - 1798), prominent member of the United Irishmen  With   Ian McBride Foster Professor of Irish History at Hertford College, University of Oxford  Catriona Kennedy Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the University of York  And   Liam Chambers Head of Department and Senior Lecturer in History at Mary Immaculate College, Limerick  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3367</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Nibelungenlied</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-nibelungenlied</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss The Song of the Nibelungs, a twelfth century German epic, full of blood, violence, fantasy and bleakness. It is a foundational work of medieval literature, drawing on the myths of Scandinavia and central Europe. The poem tells of two couples, Siegfried and Kriemhild and Gunther and Brunhilda, whose lives are destroyed by lies and revenge. It was extremely popular in its time, sometimes rewritten with happier endings, and was rediscovered by German Romantics and has since been drawn from selectively by Wagner, Fritz Lang and, infamously, the Nazis looking to support ideas on German heritage.  The image above is of Siegfried seeing Kriemhild for the first time, a miniature from the Hundeshagenschen Code manuscript dating from 15th Century.  With  Sarah Bowden Reader in German and Medieval Studies at King’s College London  Mark Chinca Professor of Medieval German and Comparative Literature at the University of Cambridge  And  Bettina Bildhauer Professor of Modern Languages at the University of St Andrews   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001fmpd</guid><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979702/p0dkm107.mp3" length="53283251" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss The Song of the Nibelungs, a twelfth century German epic, full of blood, violence, fantasy and bleakness. It is a foundational work of medieval literature, drawing on the myths of Scandinavia and central Europe. The...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss The Song of the Nibelungs, a twelfth century German epic, full of blood, violence, fantasy and bleakness. It is a foundational work of medieval literature, drawing on the myths of Scandinavia and central Europe. The poem tells of two couples, Siegfried and Kriemhild and Gunther and Brunhilda, whose lives are destroyed by lies and revenge. It was extremely popular in its time, sometimes rewritten with happier endings, and was rediscovered by German Romantics and has since been drawn from selectively by Wagner, Fritz Lang and, infamously, the Nazis looking to support ideas on German heritage.  The image above is of Siegfried seeing Kriemhild for the first time, a miniature from the Hundeshagenschen Code manuscript dating from 15th Century.  With  Sarah Bowden Reader in German and Medieval Studies at King’s College London  Mark Chinca Professor of Medieval German and Comparative Literature at the University of Cambridge  And  Bettina Bildhauer Professor of Modern Languages at the University of St Andrews   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3331</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Challenger Expedition 1872-1876</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-challenger-expedition-1872-1876</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the voyage of HMS Challenger which set out from Portsmouth in 1872 with a mission a to explore the ocean depths around the world and search for new life. The scale of the enterprise was breath taking and, for its ambition, it has since been compared to the Apollo missions.  The team onboard found thousands of new species, proved there was life on the deepest seabeds and plumbed the Mariana Trench five miles below the surface.  Thanks to telegraphy and mailboats, its vast discoveries were shared around the world even while Challenger was at sea, and they are still being studied today, offering insights into the ever-changing oceans that cover so much of the globe and into the health of our planet.  The image above is from the journal of Pelham Aldrich R.N. who served on the Challenger Surveying Expedition from 1872-5.  With  Erika Jones Curator of Navigation and Oceanography at Royal Museums Greenwich  Sam Robinson Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute Research Fellow at the University of Southampton  And  Giles Miller Principal Curator of Micropalaeontology at the Natural History Museum London   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001fcvd</guid><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52978986/p0dhyvdg.mp3" length="49838883" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the voyage of HMS Challenger which set out from Portsmouth in 1872 with a mission a to explore the ocean depths around the world and search for new life. The scale of the enterprise was breath taking and, for its...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the voyage of HMS Challenger which set out from Portsmouth in 1872 with a mission a to explore the ocean depths around the world and search for new life. The scale of the enterprise was breath taking and, for its ambition, it has since been compared to the Apollo missions.  The team onboard found thousands of new species, proved there was life on the deepest seabeds and plumbed the Mariana Trench five miles below the surface.  Thanks to telegraphy and mailboats, its vast discoveries were shared around the world even while Challenger was at sea, and they are still being studied today, offering insights into the ever-changing oceans that cover so much of the globe and into the health of our planet.  The image above is from the journal of Pelham Aldrich R.N. who served on the Challenger Surveying Expedition from 1872-5.  With  Erika Jones Curator of Navigation and Oceanography at Royal Museums Greenwich  Sam Robinson Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute Research Fellow at the University of Southampton  And  Giles Miller Principal Curator of Micropalaeontology at the Natural History Museum London   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3115</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Demosthenes' Philippics</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/demosthenes-philippics</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the speeches that became a byword for fierce attacks on political opponents. It was in the 4th century BC, in Athens, that Demosthenes delivered these speeches against the tyrant Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, when Philip appeared a growing threat to Athens and its allies and Demosthenes feared his fellow citizens were set on appeasement.  In what became known as The Philippics, Demosthenes tried to persuade Athenians to act against Macedon before it was too late; eventually he succeeded in stirring them, even if the Macedonians later prevailed. For these speeches prompting resistance, Demosthenes became famous as one of the Athenian democracy’s greatest freedom fighters. Later, in Rome, Cicero's attacks on Mark Antony were styled on Demosthenes and these too became known as Philippics.  The image above is painted on the dome of the library of the National Assembly, Paris and is by Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863).  It depicts Demosthenes haranguing the waves of the sea as a way of strengthening his voice for his speeches.  With   Paul Cartledge A. G. Leventis Senior Research Fellow at Clare College, University of Cambridge  Kathryn Tempest Reader in Latin Literature and Roman History at the University of Roehampton  And  Jon Hesk Reader in Greek and Classical Studies at the University of St Andrews  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001f4ws</guid><pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979262/p0dgl4r9.mp3" length="55311617" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the speeches that became a byword for fierce attacks on political opponents. It was in the 4th century BC, in Athens, that Demosthenes delivered these speeches against the tyrant Philip II of Macedon, father of...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the speeches that became a byword for fierce attacks on political opponents. It was in the 4th century BC, in Athens, that Demosthenes delivered these speeches against the tyrant Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, when Philip appeared a growing threat to Athens and its allies and Demosthenes feared his fellow citizens were set on appeasement.  In what became known as The Philippics, Demosthenes tried to persuade Athenians to act against Macedon before it was too late; eventually he succeeded in stirring them, even if the Macedonians later prevailed. For these speeches prompting resistance, Demosthenes became famous as one of the Athenian democracy’s greatest freedom fighters. Later, in Rome, Cicero's attacks on Mark Antony were styled on Demosthenes and these too became known as Philippics.  The image above is painted on the dome of the library of the National Assembly, Paris and is by Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863).  It depicts Demosthenes haranguing the waves of the sea as a way of strengthening his voice for his speeches.  With   Paul Cartledge A. G. Leventis Senior Research Fellow at Clare College, University of Cambridge  Kathryn Tempest Reader in Latin Literature and Roman History at the University of Roehampton  And  Jon Hesk Reader in Greek and Classical Studies at the University of St Andrews  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3457</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Bauhaus</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/bauhaus</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Bauhaus which began in 1919 in Weimar, Germany, as a school for arts and crafts combined, and went on to be famous around the world. Under its first director, Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus moved to Dessau and extended its range to architecture and became associated with a series of white, angular, flat-roofed buildings reproduced from Shanghai to Chicago, aimed for modern living.  The school closed after only 14 years while at a third location, Berlin, under pressure from the Nazis, yet its students and teachers continued to spread its ethos in exile, making it even more influential.  The image above is of the Bauhaus Building, Dessau, designed by Gropius and built in 1925-6  With  Robin Schuldenfrei Tangen Reader in 20th Century Modernism at The Courtauld Institute of Art  Alan Powers History Leader at the London School of Architecture  And   Michael White Professor of the History of Art at the University of York  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001dxtg</guid><pubDate>Thu, 08 Dec 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52978989/p0ddpcf3.mp3" length="55141058" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Bauhaus which began in 1919 in Weimar, Germany, as a school for arts and crafts combined, and went on to be famous around the world. Under its first director, Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus moved to Dessau and extended...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Bauhaus which began in 1919 in Weimar, Germany, as a school for arts and crafts combined, and went on to be famous around the world. Under its first director, Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus moved to Dessau and extended its range to architecture and became associated with a series of white, angular, flat-roofed buildings reproduced from Shanghai to Chicago, aimed for modern living.  The school closed after only 14 years while at a third location, Berlin, under pressure from the Nazis, yet its students and teachers continued to spread its ethos in exile, making it even more influential.  The image above is of the Bauhaus Building, Dessau, designed by Gropius and built in 1925-6  With  Robin Schuldenfrei Tangen Reader in 20th Century Modernism at The Courtauld Institute of Art  Alan Powers History Leader at the London School of Architecture  And   Michael White Professor of the History of Art at the University of York  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3447</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Morant Bay Rebellion</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-morant-bay-rebellion</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rebellion that broke out in Jamaica on 11th October 1865 when Paul Bogle (1822-65) led a protest march from Stony Gut to the courthouse in nearby Morant Bay.  There were many grounds for grievance that day and soon anger turned to bloodshed.  Although the British had abolished slavery 30 years before,  the plantation owners were still dominant and the conditions for the majority of people on Jamaica were poor.  The British governor suppressed this rebellion brutally and soon people in Jamaica lost what right they had to rule themselves. Some in Britain, like Charles Dickens, supported the governor's actions while others, like Charles Darwin, wanted him tried for murder.   The image above is from a Jamaican $2 banknote, printed after Paul Bogle became a National Hero in 1969.  With   Matthew J Smith Professor of History and Director of the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery at University College London  Diana Paton The William Robertson Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh  And  Lawrence Goldman Emeritus Fellow in History at St Peter’s College, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001dnlr</guid><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979661/p0dc99rj.mp3" length="52212452" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rebellion that broke out in Jamaica on 11th October 1865 when Paul Bogle (1822-65) led a protest march from Stony Gut to the courthouse in nearby Morant Bay.  There were many grounds for grievance that day and soon...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rebellion that broke out in Jamaica on 11th October 1865 when Paul Bogle (1822-65) led a protest march from Stony Gut to the courthouse in nearby Morant Bay.  There were many grounds for grievance that day and soon anger turned to bloodshed.  Although the British had abolished slavery 30 years before,  the plantation owners were still dominant and the conditions for the majority of people on Jamaica were poor.  The British governor suppressed this rebellion brutally and soon people in Jamaica lost what right they had to rule themselves. Some in Britain, like Charles Dickens, supported the governor's actions while others, like Charles Darwin, wanted him tried for murder.   The image above is from a Jamaican $2 banknote, printed after Paul Bogle became a National Hero in 1969.  With   Matthew J Smith Professor of History and Director of the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery at University College London  Diana Paton The William Robertson Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh  And  Lawrence Goldman Emeritus Fellow in History at St Peter’s College, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3264</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Wilfred Owen</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/wilfred-owen</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the celebrated British poet of World War One. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) had published only a handful of poems when he was killed a week before the end of the war, but in later decades he became seen as the essential British war poet. His works such as Anthem for Doomed Youth, Strange Meeting and Dulce et Decorum Est went on to be inseparable from the memory of the war and its futility. However, while Owen is best known for his poetry of the trenches, his letters offer a more nuanced insight into him such as his pride in being an officer in charge of others and in being a soldier who fought alongside his comrades.  With  Jane Potter Reader in The School of Arts at Oxford Brookes University  Fran Brearton Professor of Modern Poetry at Queen’s University Belfast  And  Guy Cuthbertson Professor of British Literature and Culture at Liverpool Hope University  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001df48</guid><pubDate>Thu, 24 Nov 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980081/p0d96zkx.mp3" length="55618420" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the celebrated British poet of World War One. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) had published only a handful of poems when he was killed a week before the end of the war, but in later decades he became seen as the essential...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the celebrated British poet of World War One. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) had published only a handful of poems when he was killed a week before the end of the war, but in later decades he became seen as the essential British war poet. His works such as Anthem for Doomed Youth, Strange Meeting and Dulce et Decorum Est went on to be inseparable from the memory of the war and its futility. However, while Owen is best known for his poetry of the trenches, his letters offer a more nuanced insight into him such as his pride in being an officer in charge of others and in being a soldier who fought alongside his comrades.  With  Jane Potter Reader in The School of Arts at Oxford Brookes University  Fran Brearton Professor of Modern Poetry at Queen’s University Belfast  And  Guy Cuthbertson Professor of British Literature and Culture at Liverpool Hope University  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3477</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Fish-Tetrapod Transition</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-fish-tetrapod-transition</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the greatest changes in the history of life on Earth. Around 400 million years ago some of our ancestors, the fish, started to become a little more like humans. At the swampy margins between land and water, some fish were turning their fins into limbs, their swim bladders into lungs and developed necks and eventually they became tetrapods, the group to which we and all animals with backbones and limbs belong. After millions of years of this transition, these tetrapod descendants of fish were now ready to leave the water for a new life of walking on land, and with that came an explosion in the diversity of life on Earth.  The image above is a representation of Tiktaalik Roseae, a fish with some features of a tetrapod but not one yet, based on a fossil collected in the Canadian Arctic.  With  Emily Rayfield Professor of Palaeobiology at the University of Bristol  Michael Coates Chair and Professor of Organismal Biology and Anatomy at the University of Chicago  And   Steve Brusatte Professor of Palaeontology and Evolution at the University of Edinburgh  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001d56q</guid><pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979009/p0d7rbl0.mp3" length="53990876" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the greatest changes in the history of life on Earth. Around 400 million years ago some of our ancestors, the fish, started to become a little more like humans. At the swampy margins between land and water, some...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the greatest changes in the history of life on Earth. Around 400 million years ago some of our ancestors, the fish, started to become a little more like humans. At the swampy margins between land and water, some fish were turning their fins into limbs, their swim bladders into lungs and developed necks and eventually they became tetrapods, the group to which we and all animals with backbones and limbs belong. After millions of years of this transition, these tetrapod descendants of fish were now ready to leave the water for a new life of walking on land, and with that came an explosion in the diversity of life on Earth.  The image above is a representation of Tiktaalik Roseae, a fish with some features of a tetrapod but not one yet, based on a fossil collected in the Canadian Arctic.  With  Emily Rayfield Professor of Palaeobiology at the University of Bristol  Michael Coates Chair and Professor of Organismal Biology and Anatomy at the University of Chicago  And   Steve Brusatte Professor of Palaeontology and Evolution at the University of Edinburgh  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3375</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Berthe Morisot</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/berthe-morisot</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the influential painters at the heart of the French Impressionist movement: Berthe Morisot (1841-1895).  The men in her circle could freely paint in busy bars and public spaces, while Morisot captured the domestic world and found new, daring ways to paint quickly in the open air.  Her work shows women as they were, to her: informal, unguarded, and not transformed or distorted for the eyes of men.  The image above is one of her few self-portraits, though several portraits of her survive by other artists, chiefly her sister Edma and her brother-in-law Edouard Manet.   With   Tamar Garb Professor of History of Art at University College London   Lois Oliver Curator at the Royal Academy and Adjunct Professor of Art History at the American University of Notre Dame London.  And  Claire Moran Reader in French at Queen's University Belfast  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001cxwl</guid><pubDate>Thu, 10 Nov 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979244/p0d64nw1.mp3" length="58585891" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the influential painters at the heart of the French Impressionist movement: Berthe Morisot (1841-1895).  The men in her circle could freely paint in busy bars and public spaces, while Morisot captured the...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the influential painters at the heart of the French Impressionist movement: Berthe Morisot (1841-1895).  The men in her circle could freely paint in busy bars and public spaces, while Morisot captured the domestic world and found new, daring ways to paint quickly in the open air.  Her work shows women as they were, to her: informal, unguarded, and not transformed or distorted for the eyes of men.  The image above is one of her few self-portraits, though several portraits of her survive by other artists, chiefly her sister Edma and her brother-in-law Edouard Manet.   With   Tamar Garb Professor of History of Art at University College London   Lois Oliver Curator at the Royal Academy and Adjunct Professor of Art History at the American University of Notre Dame London.  And  Claire Moran Reader in French at Queen's University Belfast  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3662</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Knights Templar</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-knights-templar</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the military order founded around 1119, twenty years after the Crusaders captured Jerusalem. For almost 200 years the Knights Templar were a notable fighting force and financial power in the Crusader States and Western Europe. Their mission was to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land, and they became extremely wealthy yet, as the crusader grip on Jerusalem slipped, their political fortune declined steeply. They were to be persecuted out of existence, with their last grand master burned at the stake in Paris in 1314, and that sudden end has contributed to the strength of the legends that have grown up around them.  With  Helen Nicholson Professor of Medieval History at Cardiff University  Mike Carr Lecturer in Late Medieval History at the University of Edinburgh  And   Jonathan Phillips Professor of Crusading History at Royal Holloway, University of London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001cpwt</guid><pubDate>Thu, 03 Nov 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979895/p0d4jgdd.mp3" length="48651011" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the military order founded around 1119, twenty years after the Crusaders captured Jerusalem. For almost 200 years the Knights Templar were a notable fighting force and financial power in the Crusader States and Western...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the military order founded around 1119, twenty years after the Crusaders captured Jerusalem. For almost 200 years the Knights Templar were a notable fighting force and financial power in the Crusader States and Western Europe. Their mission was to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land, and they became extremely wealthy yet, as the crusader grip on Jerusalem slipped, their political fortune declined steeply. They were to be persecuted out of existence, with their last grand master burned at the stake in Paris in 1314, and that sudden end has contributed to the strength of the legends that have grown up around them.  With  Helen Nicholson Professor of Medieval History at Cardiff University  Mike Carr Lecturer in Late Medieval History at the University of Edinburgh  And   Jonathan Phillips Professor of Crusading History at Royal Holloway, University of London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3041</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Electron</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-electron</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss an atomic particle that's become inseparable from modernity. JJ Thomson discovered the electron 125 years ago, so revealing that atoms, supposedly the smallest things, were made of even smaller things. He pictured them inside an atomic ball like a plum pudding, with others later identifying their place outside the nucleus - and it is their location on the outer limit that has helped scientists learn so much about electrons and with electrons.  We can use electrons to reveal the secrets of other particles and, while electricity exists whether we understand electrons or not, the applications of electricity and electrons grow as our knowledge grows. Many questions, though, remain unanswered.  With   Victoria Martin Professor of Collider Physics at the University of Edinburgh  Harry Cliff Research Fellow in Particle Physics at the University of Cambridge  And  Frank Close Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics and Fellow Emeritus at Exeter College at the University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001cf1n</guid><pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979799/p0d2z204.mp3" length="48460826" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss an atomic particle that's become inseparable from modernity. JJ Thomson discovered the electron 125 years ago, so revealing that atoms, supposedly the smallest things, were made of even smaller things. He pictured them...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss an atomic particle that's become inseparable from modernity. JJ Thomson discovered the electron 125 years ago, so revealing that atoms, supposedly the smallest things, were made of even smaller things. He pictured them inside an atomic ball like a plum pudding, with others later identifying their place outside the nucleus - and it is their location on the outer limit that has helped scientists learn so much about electrons and with electrons.  We can use electrons to reveal the secrets of other particles and, while electricity exists whether we understand electrons or not, the applications of electricity and electrons grow as our knowledge grows. Many questions, though, remain unanswered.  With   Victoria Martin Professor of Collider Physics at the University of Edinburgh  Harry Cliff Research Fellow in Particle Physics at the University of Cambridge  And  Frank Close Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics and Fellow Emeritus at Exeter College at the University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3029</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Plato's Atlantis</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/platos-atlantis</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Plato's account of the once great island of Atlantis out to the west, beyond the world known to his fellow Athenians, and why it disappeared many thousands of years before his time.  There are no sources for this story other than Plato, and he tells it across two of his works, the Timaeus and the Critias, tantalizing his readers with evidence that it is true and clues that it is a fantasy.  Atlantis, for Plato, is a way to explore what an ideal republic really is, and whether Athens could be (or ever was) one; to European travellers in the Renaissance, though, his story reflected their own encounters with distant lands, previously unknown to them, spurring generations of explorers to scour the oceans and in the hope of finding a lost world.  The image above is from an engraving of the legendary island of Atlantis after a description by Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680).  With   Edith Hall Professor of Classics at Durham University  Christopher Gill Emeritus Professor of Ancient Thought at the University of Exeter  And  Angie Hobbs Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001c6t3</guid><pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52978897/p0d1lg85.mp3" length="52749513" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Plato's account of the once great island of Atlantis out to the west, beyond the world known to his fellow Athenians, and why it disappeared many thousands of years before his time.  There are no sources for this story...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Plato's account of the once great island of Atlantis out to the west, beyond the world known to his fellow Athenians, and why it disappeared many thousands of years before his time.  There are no sources for this story other than Plato, and he tells it across two of his works, the Timaeus and the Critias, tantalizing his readers with evidence that it is true and clues that it is a fantasy.  Atlantis, for Plato, is a way to explore what an ideal republic really is, and whether Athens could be (or ever was) one; to European travellers in the Renaissance, though, his story reflected their own encounters with distant lands, previously unknown to them, spurring generations of explorers to scour the oceans and in the hope of finding a lost world.  The image above is from an engraving of the legendary island of Atlantis after a description by Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680).  With   Edith Hall Professor of Classics at Durham University  Christopher Gill Emeritus Professor of Ancient Thought at the University of Exeter  And  Angie Hobbs Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3297</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Nineteen Eighty-Four</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/nineteen-eighty-four</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss George Orwell's (1903-1950) final novel, published in 1949, set in a dystopian London which is now found in Airstrip One, part of the totalitarian superstate of Oceania which is always at war and where the protagonist, Winston Smith, works at the Ministry of Truth as a rewriter of history: 'Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.' The influence of Orwell's novel is immeasurable, highlighting threats to personal freedom with concepts he named such as doublespeak, thoughtcrime, Room 101, Big Brother, memory hole and thought police.  With   David Dwan Professor of English Literature and Intellectual History at the University of Oxford  Lisa Mullen Teaching Associate in Modern Contemporary Literature at the University of Cambridge  And  John Bowen Professor of English Literature at the University of York  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001bz77</guid><pubDate>Thu, 13 Oct 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980400/p0d08z2j.mp3" length="51690038" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss George Orwell's (1903-1950) final novel, published in 1949, set in a dystopian London which is now found in Airstrip One, part of the totalitarian superstate of Oceania which is always at war and where the protagonist,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss George Orwell's (1903-1950) final novel, published in 1949, set in a dystopian London which is now found in Airstrip One, part of the totalitarian superstate of Oceania which is always at war and where the protagonist, Winston Smith, works at the Ministry of Truth as a rewriter of history: 'Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.' The influence of Orwell's novel is immeasurable, highlighting threats to personal freedom with concepts he named such as doublespeak, thoughtcrime, Room 101, Big Brother, memory hole and thought police.  With   David Dwan Professor of English Literature and Intellectual History at the University of Oxford  Lisa Mullen Teaching Associate in Modern Contemporary Literature at the University of Cambridge  And  John Bowen Professor of English Literature at the University of York  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3231</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>John Bull</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/john-bull</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the origin of this personification of the English everyman and his development as both British and Britain in the following centuries. He first appeared along with Lewis Baboon (French) and Nicholas Frog (Dutch) in 1712 in a pamphlet that satirised the funding of the War of the  Spanish Succession. The author was John Arbuthnot (1667-1735), a Scottish doctor and satirist who was part of the circle of Swift and Pope, and his John Bull was the English voter, overwhelmed by taxes that went not so much into the war itself but into the pockets of its financiers.  For the next two centuries, Arbuthnot’s John Bull was a gift for cartoonists and satirists, especially when they wanted to ridicule British governments for taking advantage of the people’s patriotism.    The image above is by William Charles, a Scottish engraver who emigrated to the United States, and dates from 1814 during the Anglo-American War of 1812.   With  Judith Hawley  Professor of 18th Century Literature at Royal Holloway, University of London  Miles Taylor Professor of British History and Society at Humboldt, University of Berlin  And  Mark Knights Professor of History at the University of Warwick  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0018nsd</guid><pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979878/p0cjbpfw.mp3" length="52848181" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the origin of this personification of the English everyman and his development as both British and Britain in the following centuries. He first appeared along with Lewis Baboon (French) and Nicholas Frog (Dutch) in 1712...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the origin of this personification of the English everyman and his development as both British and Britain in the following centuries. He first appeared along with Lewis Baboon (French) and Nicholas Frog (Dutch) in 1712 in a pamphlet that satirised the funding of the War of the  Spanish Succession. The author was John Arbuthnot (1667-1735), a Scottish doctor and satirist who was part of the circle of Swift and Pope, and his John Bull was the English voter, overwhelmed by taxes that went not so much into the war itself but into the pockets of its financiers.  For the next two centuries, Arbuthnot’s John Bull was a gift for cartoonists and satirists, especially when they wanted to ridicule British governments for taking advantage of the people’s patriotism.    The image above is by William Charles, a Scottish engraver who emigrated to the United States, and dates from 1814 during the Anglo-American War of 1812.   With  Judith Hawley  Professor of 18th Century Literature at Royal Holloway, University of London  Miles Taylor Professor of British History and Society at Humboldt, University of Berlin  And  Mark Knights Professor of History at the University of Warwick  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3303</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Angkor Wat</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/angkor-wat</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the largest and arguably the most astonishing religious structure on Earth, built for Suryavarman II in the 12th Century in modern-day Cambodia. It is said to have more stone in it than the Great Pyramid of Giza, and much of the surface is intricately carved and remarkably well preserved. For the last 900 years Angkor Wat has been a centre of religion, whether Hinduism, Buddhism or Animism or a combination of those, and a source of wonder to Cambodians and visitors from around the world.  With  Piphal Heng Postdoctoral scholar at the Cotsen Institute and the Programme for Early Modern Southeast Asia at UCLA  Ashley Thompson Hiram W Woodward Chair of Southeast Asian Art at SOAS University of London  And  Simon Warrack A stone conservator who has worked extensively at Angkor Wat  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0018hd7</guid><pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980065/p0cgczkh.mp3" length="47990200" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the largest and arguably the most astonishing religious structure on Earth, built for Suryavarman II in the 12th Century in modern-day Cambodia. It is said to have more stone in it than the Great Pyramid of Giza, and...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the largest and arguably the most astonishing religious structure on Earth, built for Suryavarman II in the 12th Century in modern-day Cambodia. It is said to have more stone in it than the Great Pyramid of Giza, and much of the surface is intricately carved and remarkably well preserved. For the last 900 years Angkor Wat has been a centre of religion, whether Hinduism, Buddhism or Animism or a combination of those, and a source of wonder to Cambodians and visitors from around the world.  With  Piphal Heng Postdoctoral scholar at the Cotsen Institute and the Programme for Early Modern Southeast Asia at UCLA  Ashley Thompson Hiram W Woodward Chair of Southeast Asian Art at SOAS University of London  And  Simon Warrack A stone conservator who has worked extensively at Angkor Wat  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3000</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Dylan Thomas</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/dylan-thomas</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the celebrated Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas (1914 - 1953). He wrote some of his best poems before he was twenty in the first half of his short, remarkable life, and was prolific in the second half too with poems such as those set in London under the Blitz and reworkings of his childhood in Swansea, and his famous radio play Under Milk Wood (performed after his death). He was read widely and widely heard: with his reading tours in America and recordings of his works that sold in their hundreds of thousands after his death, he is credited with reviving the act of poetry as performance in the 20th century.  With  Nerys Williams Associate Professor of Poetry and Poetics at University College Dublin  John Goodby Professor of Arts and Culture at Sheffield Hallam University  And  Leo Mellor The Roma Gill Fellow in English at Murray Edwards College, University of Cambridge  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001882k</guid><pubDate>Thu, 14 Jul 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980053/p0cf0yn7.mp3" length="49325209" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the celebrated Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas (1914 - 1953). He wrote some of his best poems before he was twenty in the first half of his short, remarkable life, and was prolific in the second half too with poems such as...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the celebrated Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas (1914 - 1953). He wrote some of his best poems before he was twenty in the first half of his short, remarkable life, and was prolific in the second half too with poems such as those set in London under the Blitz and reworkings of his childhood in Swansea, and his famous radio play Under Milk Wood (performed after his death). He was read widely and widely heard: with his reading tours in America and recordings of his works that sold in their hundreds of thousands after his death, he is credited with reviving the act of poetry as performance in the 20th century.  With  Nerys Williams Associate Professor of Poetry and Poetics at University College Dublin  John Goodby Professor of Arts and Culture at Sheffield Hallam University  And  Leo Mellor The Roma Gill Fellow in English at Murray Edwards College, University of Cambridge  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3083</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Death of Stars</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-death-of-stars</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the abrupt transformation of stars after shining brightly for millions or billions of years, once they lack the fuel to counter the force of gravity. Those like our own star, the Sun, become red giants, expanding outwards and consuming nearby planets, only to collapse into dense white dwarves. The massive stars, up to fifty times the mass of the Sun, burst into supernovas, visible from Earth in daytime, and become incredibly dense neutron stars or black holes. In these moments of collapse, the intense heat and pressure can create all the known elements to form gases and dust which may eventually combine to form new stars, new planets and, as on Earth, new life.  The image above  is of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, approximately 10,000 light years away, from a once massive star that died in a supernova explosion that was first seen from Earth in 1690  With  Martin Rees Astronomer Royal, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge  Carolin Crawford Emeritus Member of the Institute of Astronomy and Emeritus Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge  And  Mark Sullivan Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Southampton  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0018128</guid><pubDate>Thu, 07 Jul 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979720/p0cclq2z.mp3" length="56489834" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the abrupt transformation of stars after shining brightly for millions or billions of years, once they lack the fuel to counter the force of gravity. Those like our own star, the Sun, become red giants, expanding...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the abrupt transformation of stars after shining brightly for millions or billions of years, once they lack the fuel to counter the force of gravity. Those like our own star, the Sun, become red giants, expanding outwards and consuming nearby planets, only to collapse into dense white dwarves. The massive stars, up to fifty times the mass of the Sun, burst into supernovas, visible from Earth in daytime, and become incredibly dense neutron stars or black holes. In these moments of collapse, the intense heat and pressure can create all the known elements to form gases and dust which may eventually combine to form new stars, new planets and, as on Earth, new life.  The image above  is of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, approximately 10,000 light years away, from a once massive star that died in a supernova explosion that was first seen from Earth in 1690  With  Martin Rees Astronomer Royal, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge  Carolin Crawford Emeritus Member of the Institute of Astronomy and Emeritus Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge  And  Mark Sullivan Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Southampton  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3531</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Hegel's Philosophy of History</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/hegels-philosophy-of-history</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 - 1831) on history.  Hegel, one of the most influential of the modern philosophers, described history as the progress in the consciousness of freedom, asking whether we enjoy more freedom now than those who came before us.  To explore this, he looked into the past to identify periods when freedom was moving from the one to the few to the all, arguing that once we understand the true nature of freedom we reach an endpoint in understanding. That end of history, as it's known, describes an understanding of freedom so far progressed, so profound, that it cannot be extended or deepened even if it can be lost.  With  Sally Sedgwick Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Boston University  Robert Stern Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield  And   Stephen Houlgate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0017k8w</guid><pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979956/p0c8yy9n.mp3" length="52031824" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 - 1831) on history.  Hegel, one of the most influential of the modern philosophers, described history as the progress in the consciousness of freedom, asking whether we enjoy...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 - 1831) on history.  Hegel, one of the most influential of the modern philosophers, described history as the progress in the consciousness of freedom, asking whether we enjoy more freedom now than those who came before us.  To explore this, he looked into the past to identify periods when freedom was moving from the one to the few to the all, arguing that once we understand the true nature of freedom we reach an endpoint in understanding. That end of history, as it's known, describes an understanding of freedom so far progressed, so profound, that it cannot be extended or deepened even if it can be lost.  With  Sally Sedgwick Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Boston University  Robert Stern Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield  And   Stephen Houlgate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3252</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Comenius</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/comenius</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Czech educator Jan Amos Komenský (1592-1670) known throughout Europe in his lifetime under the Latin version of his name, Comenius. A Protestant and member of the Unity of Brethren, he lived much of his life in exile, expelled from his homeland under the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and he wanted to address the deep antagonisms underlying the wars that were devastating Europe especially The Thirty Years War (1618-1648).  A major part of his plan was Universal Education, in which everyone could learn about everything, and better understand each other and so tolerate their religious differences and live side by side.  His ideas were to have a lasting influence on education, even though the peace that followed the Thirty Years War only entrenched the changes in his homeland that made his life there impossible.  The image above is from a portrait of Comenius by Jürgen Ovens, 1650 - 1670, painted while he was living in Amsterdam and held in the Rikjsmuseum  With  Vladimir Urbanek Senior Researcher in the Department of Comenius Studies and Early Modern Intellectual History at the Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Suzanna Ivanic Lecturer in Early Modern European History at the University of Kent  And  Howard Hotson Professor of Early Modern Intellectual History at the University of Oxford and Fellow of St Anne’s College  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0017chy</guid><pubDate>Thu, 16 Jun 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979822/p0c7j972.mp3" length="54931244" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Czech educator Jan Amos Komenský (1592-1670) known throughout Europe in his lifetime under the Latin version of his name, Comenius. A Protestant and member of the Unity of Brethren, he lived much of his life in...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Czech educator Jan Amos Komenský (1592-1670) known throughout Europe in his lifetime under the Latin version of his name, Comenius. A Protestant and member of the Unity of Brethren, he lived much of his life in exile, expelled from his homeland under the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and he wanted to address the deep antagonisms underlying the wars that were devastating Europe especially The Thirty Years War (1618-1648).  A major part of his plan was Universal Education, in which everyone could learn about everything, and better understand each other and so tolerate their religious differences and live side by side.  His ideas were to have a lasting influence on education, even though the peace that followed the Thirty Years War only entrenched the changes in his homeland that made his life there impossible.  The image above is from a portrait of Comenius by Jürgen Ovens, 1650 - 1670, painted while he was living in Amsterdam and held in the Rikjsmuseum  With  Vladimir Urbanek Senior Researcher in the Department of Comenius Studies and Early Modern Intellectual History at the Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Suzanna Ivanic Lecturer in Early Modern European History at the University of Kent  And  Howard Hotson Professor of Early Modern Intellectual History at the University of Oxford and Fellow of St Anne’s College  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3434</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Tang Era Poetry</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/tang-era-poetry</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss two of China’s greatest poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, who wrote in the 8th century in the Tang Era. Li Bai (701-762AD) is known for personal poems, many of them about drinking wine, and for finding the enjoyment in life.  Du Fu (712-770AD), a few years younger, is more of an everyman, writing in the upheaval of the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763AD). Together they have been a central part of Chinese culture for over a millennium, reflecting the balance between the individual and the public life, and one sign of their enduring appeal is that there is rarely agreement on which of them is the greater.  The image above is intended to depict Du Fu.  With   Tim Barrett Professor Emeritus of East Asian History at SOAS, University of London  Tian Yuan Tan Shaw Professor of Chinese at the University of Oxford and Professorial Fellow at University College  And  Frances Wood Former Curator of the Chinese Collections at the British Library  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00174d0</guid><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jun 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979272/p0c621d2.mp3" length="45984419" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss two of China’s greatest poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, who wrote in the 8th century in the Tang Era. Li Bai (701-762AD) is known for personal poems, many of them about drinking wine, and for finding the enjoyment in life.  Du...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss two of China’s greatest poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, who wrote in the 8th century in the Tang Era. Li Bai (701-762AD) is known for personal poems, many of them about drinking wine, and for finding the enjoyment in life.  Du Fu (712-770AD), a few years younger, is more of an everyman, writing in the upheaval of the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763AD). Together they have been a central part of Chinese culture for over a millennium, reflecting the balance between the individual and the public life, and one sign of their enduring appeal is that there is rarely agreement on which of them is the greater.  The image above is intended to depict Du Fu.  With   Tim Barrett Professor Emeritus of East Asian History at SOAS, University of London  Tian Yuan Tan Shaw Professor of Chinese at the University of Oxford and Professorial Fellow at University College  And  Frances Wood Former Curator of the Chinese Collections at the British Library  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2875</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Davidian Revolution</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-davidian-revolution</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the impact of David I of Scotland (c1084-1153) on his kingdom and on neighbouring lands.  The youngest son of Malcolm III, he was raised in exile in the Anglo-Norman court and became Earl of Huntingdon and Prince of Cumbria before claiming the throne in 1124. He introduced elements of what he had learned in England and, in the next decades, his kingdom saw new burghs, new monasteries, new ways of governing and the arrival of some very influential families, earning him the reputation of The Perfect King.  With   Richard Oram Professor of Medieval and Environmental History at the University of Stirling  Alice Taylor Professor of Medieval History at King’s College London  And  Alex Woolf Senior Lecturer in History at the University of St Andrews  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0016xty</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979709/p0c4lm60.mp3" length="48924783" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the impact of David I of Scotland (c1084-1153) on his kingdom and on neighbouring lands.  The youngest son of Malcolm III, he was raised in exile in the Anglo-Norman court and became Earl of Huntingdon and Prince of...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the impact of David I of Scotland (c1084-1153) on his kingdom and on neighbouring lands.  The youngest son of Malcolm III, he was raised in exile in the Anglo-Norman court and became Earl of Huntingdon and Prince of Cumbria before claiming the throne in 1124. He introduced elements of what he had learned in England and, in the next decades, his kingdom saw new burghs, new monasteries, new ways of governing and the arrival of some very influential families, earning him the reputation of The Perfect King.  With   Richard Oram Professor of Medieval and Environmental History at the University of Stirling  Alice Taylor Professor of Medieval History at King’s College London  And  Alex Woolf Senior Lecturer in History at the University of St Andrews  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3058</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Early Christian Martyrdom</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/early-christian-martyrdom</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss  the accounts by Eusebius of Caesarea (c260-339 AD) and others of the killings of Christians in the first three centuries after the crucifixion of Jesus.  Eusebius was writing in a time of peace, after The Great Persecution that had started with Emperor Diocletian in 303 AD and lasted around eight years. Many died under Diocletian, and their names are not preserved, but those whose deaths are told by Eusebius became especially celebrated and their stories became influential.  Through his writings, Eusebius shaped perceptions of what it meant to be a martyr in those years, and what it meant to be a Christian.  The image above is of The Martyrdom of Saint Blandina (1886) at the Church of Saint-Blandine de Lyon, France  With:  Candida Moss Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology at the University of Birmingham  Kate Cooper Professor of History at Royal Holloway, University of London  And  James Corke-Webster Senior Lecturer in Classics, History and Liberal Arts at King’s College London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0016ptt</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979005/p0c389cl.mp3" length="51595546" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss  the accounts by Eusebius of Caesarea (c260-339 AD) and others of the killings of Christians in the first three centuries after the crucifixion of Jesus.  Eusebius was writing in a time of peace, after The Great...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss  the accounts by Eusebius of Caesarea (c260-339 AD) and others of the killings of Christians in the first three centuries after the crucifixion of Jesus.  Eusebius was writing in a time of peace, after The Great Persecution that had started with Emperor Diocletian in 303 AD and lasted around eight years. Many died under Diocletian, and their names are not preserved, but those whose deaths are told by Eusebius became especially celebrated and their stories became influential.  Through his writings, Eusebius shaped perceptions of what it meant to be a martyr in those years, and what it meant to be a Christian.  The image above is of The Martyrdom of Saint Blandina (1886) at the Church of Saint-Blandine de Lyon, France  With:  Candida Moss Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology at the University of Birmingham  Kate Cooper Professor of History at Royal Holloway, University of London  And  James Corke-Webster Senior Lecturer in Classics, History and Liberal Arts at King’s College London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3225</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Olympe de Gouges</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/olympe-de-gouges</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the French playwright who, in 1791, wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.  This was Olympe de Gouges (1748-93) and she was responding to The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789, the start of the French Revolution which, by excluding women from these rights, had fallen far short of its apparent goals.  Where the latter declared ‘men are born equal’, she asserted ‘women are born equal to men,’ adding, ‘since women are allowed to mount the scaffold, they should also be allowed to stand in parliament and defend their rights’.  Two years later this playwright, novelist, activist and woman of letters did herself mount the scaffold, two weeks after Marie Antoinette, for the crime of being open to the idea of a constitutional monarchy and, for two hundred years, her reputation died with her, only to be revived with great vigour in the last 40 years.  With   Catriona Seth Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature at the University of Oxford  Katherine Astbury Professor of French Studies at the University of Warwick  And  Sanja Perovic Reader in 18th century French studies at King’s College London   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0016hdj</guid><pubDate>Thu, 19 May 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980399/p0c25xvj.mp3" length="48432456" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the French playwright who, in 1791, wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.  This was Olympe de Gouges (1748-93) and she was responding to The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the French playwright who, in 1791, wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.  This was Olympe de Gouges (1748-93) and she was responding to The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789, the start of the French Revolution which, by excluding women from these rights, had fallen far short of its apparent goals.  Where the latter declared ‘men are born equal’, she asserted ‘women are born equal to men,’ adding, ‘since women are allowed to mount the scaffold, they should also be allowed to stand in parliament and defend their rights’.  Two years later this playwright, novelist, activist and woman of letters did herself mount the scaffold, two weeks after Marie Antoinette, for the crime of being open to the idea of a constitutional monarchy and, for two hundred years, her reputation died with her, only to be revived with great vigour in the last 40 years.  With   Catriona Seth Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature at the University of Oxford  Katherine Astbury Professor of French Studies at the University of Warwick  And  Sanja Perovic Reader in 18th century French studies at King’s College London   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3028</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Homo erectus</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/homo-erectus</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of our ancestors, Homo erectus, who thrived on Earth for around two million years whereas we, Homo sapiens, emerged only in the last three hundred thousand years.  Homo erectus, or Upright Man, spread from Africa to Asia and it was on the Island of Java that fossilised remains were found in 1891 in an expedition led by Dutch scientist Eugène Dubois. Homo erectus people adapted to different habitats, ate varied food, lived in groups, had stamina to outrun their prey; and discoveries have prompted many theories on the relationship between their diet and the size of their brains, on their ability as seafarers, on their creativity and on their ability to speak and otherwise communicate.  The image above is from a diorama at the Moesgaard Museum in Denmark, depicting the Turkana Boy referred to in the programme.   With   Peter Kjærgaard Director of the Natural History Museum of Denmark and Professor of Evolutionary History at the University of Copenhagen  José Joordens Senior Researcher in Human Evolution at Naturalis Biodiversity Centre and Professor of Human Evolution at Maastricht University  And  Mark Maslin Professor of Earth System Science at University College London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00168lg</guid><pubDate>Thu, 12 May 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979022/p0c0thr6.mp3" length="50405208" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of our ancestors, Homo erectus, who thrived on Earth for around two million years whereas we, Homo sapiens, emerged only in the last three hundred thousand years.  Homo erectus, or Upright Man, spread from Africa to...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of our ancestors, Homo erectus, who thrived on Earth for around two million years whereas we, Homo sapiens, emerged only in the last three hundred thousand years.  Homo erectus, or Upright Man, spread from Africa to Asia and it was on the Island of Java that fossilised remains were found in 1891 in an expedition led by Dutch scientist Eugène Dubois. Homo erectus people adapted to different habitats, ate varied food, lived in groups, had stamina to outrun their prey; and discoveries have prompted many theories on the relationship between their diet and the size of their brains, on their ability as seafarers, on their creativity and on their ability to speak and otherwise communicate.  The image above is from a diorama at the Moesgaard Museum in Denmark, depicting the Turkana Boy referred to in the programme.   With   Peter Kjærgaard Director of the Natural History Museum of Denmark and Professor of Evolutionary History at the University of Copenhagen  José Joordens Senior Researcher in Human Evolution at Naturalis Biodiversity Centre and Professor of Human Evolution at Maastricht University  And  Mark Maslin Professor of Earth System Science at University College London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3151</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Polidori's The Vampyre</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/polidoris-the-vampyre</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the influential novella of John Polidori (1795-1821) published in 1819 and attributed first to Lord Byron (1788-1824) who had started a version of it in 1816 at the Villa Diodati in the Year Without A Summer. There Byron, his personal physician Polidori, Mary and Percy Shelley and Claire Clairmont had whiled away the weeks of miserable weather by telling ghost stories, famously giving rise to Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein'. Emerging soon after, 'The Vampyre' thrilled readers with its aristocratic Lord Ruthven who glutted his thirst with the blood of his victims, his status an abrupt change from the stories of peasant vampires of eastern and central Europe that had spread in the 18th Century with the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian empire.  The connection with Lord Byron gave the novella a boost, and soon 'The Vampyre' spawned West End plays, penny dreadfuls such as 'Varney the Vampire', Bram Stoker’s 'Dracula', F.W Murnau's film 'Nosferatu A Symphony of Horror', and countless others.  The image above is of Bela Lugosi  (1882-1956) as Count Mora in Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer's 'Vampires of Prague' (1935)  With   Nick Groom Professor of Literature in English at the University of Macau  Samantha George Associate Professor of Research in Literature at the University of Hertfordshire  And   Martyn Rady Professor Emeritus of Central European History at University College London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00162xz</guid><pubDate>Thu, 05 May 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979955/p0bzp472.mp3" length="49896118" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the influential novella of John Polidori (1795-1821) published in 1819 and attributed first to Lord Byron (1788-1824) who had started a version of it in 1816 at the Villa Diodati in the Year Without A Summer. There...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the influential novella of John Polidori (1795-1821) published in 1819 and attributed first to Lord Byron (1788-1824) who had started a version of it in 1816 at the Villa Diodati in the Year Without A Summer. There Byron, his personal physician Polidori, Mary and Percy Shelley and Claire Clairmont had whiled away the weeks of miserable weather by telling ghost stories, famously giving rise to Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein'. Emerging soon after, 'The Vampyre' thrilled readers with its aristocratic Lord Ruthven who glutted his thirst with the blood of his victims, his status an abrupt change from the stories of peasant vampires of eastern and central Europe that had spread in the 18th Century with the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian empire.  The connection with Lord Byron gave the novella a boost, and soon 'The Vampyre' spawned West End plays, penny dreadfuls such as 'Varney the Vampire', Bram Stoker’s 'Dracula', F.W Murnau's film 'Nosferatu A Symphony of Horror', and countless others.  The image above is of Bela Lugosi  (1882-1956) as Count Mora in Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer's 'Vampires of Prague' (1935)  With   Nick Groom Professor of Literature in English at the University of Macau  Samantha George Associate Professor of Research in Literature at the University of Hertfordshire  And   Martyn Rady Professor Emeritus of Central European History at University College London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3119</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Sistine Chapel</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-sistine-chapel</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the astonishing work of Michelangelo (1477-1564) in this great chapel in the Vatican, firstly the ceiling with images from Genesis (of which the image above is a detail) and later The Last Judgement on the altar wall. For the Papacy, Michelangelo's achievement was a bold affirmation of the spiritual and political status of the Vatican, of Rome and of the Catholic Church. For the artist himself, already famous as the sculptor of David in Florence, it was a test of his skill and stamina, and of the potential for art to amaze which he realised in his astonishing mastery of the human form.  With  Catherine Fletcher Professor of History at Manchester Metropolitan University  Sarah Vowles The Smirnov Family Curator of Italian and French Prints and Drawings at the British Museum  And  Matthias Wivel The Aud Jebsen Curator of Sixteenth-Century Italian Paintings at the National Gallery  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0015vh8</guid><pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979001/p0by97z7.mp3" length="54829695" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the astonishing work of Michelangelo (1477-1564) in this great chapel in the Vatican, firstly the ceiling with images from Genesis (of which the image above is a detail) and later The Last Judgement on the altar wall....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the astonishing work of Michelangelo (1477-1564) in this great chapel in the Vatican, firstly the ceiling with images from Genesis (of which the image above is a detail) and later The Last Judgement on the altar wall. For the Papacy, Michelangelo's achievement was a bold affirmation of the spiritual and political status of the Vatican, of Rome and of the Catholic Church. For the artist himself, already famous as the sculptor of David in Florence, it was a test of his skill and stamina, and of the potential for art to amaze which he realised in his astonishing mastery of the human form.  With  Catherine Fletcher Professor of History at Manchester Metropolitan University  Sarah Vowles The Smirnov Family Curator of Italian and French Prints and Drawings at the British Museum  And  Matthias Wivel The Aud Jebsen Curator of Sixteenth-Century Italian Paintings at the National Gallery  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3427</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Antigone</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/antigone</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss what is reputedly the most performed of all Greek tragedies. Antigone, by Sophocles (c496-c406 BC), is powerfully ambiguous, inviting the audience to reassess its values constantly before the climax of the play resolves the plot if not the issues. Antigone is barely a teenager and is prepared to defy her uncle Creon,  the new king of Thebes, who has decreed that nobody should bury the body of her brother, a traitor, on pain of death.  This sets up a conflict between  generations, between the state and the individual, uncle and niece, autocracy and pluralism, and it releases an enormous tragic energy that brings sudden death to Antigone, her fiance Haemon who is also Creon's son, and to Creon's wife Eurydice, while Creon himself is condemned to a living death of grief.  With  Edith Hall Professor of Classics at Durham University  Oliver Taplin Emeritus Professor of Classics, University of Oxford  And  Lyndsay Coo Senior Lecturer in Ancient Greek Language and Literature at the University of Bristol   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0015lwj</guid><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979027/p0bx0hys.mp3" length="52682624" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss what is reputedly the most performed of all Greek tragedies. Antigone, by Sophocles (c496-c406 BC), is powerfully ambiguous, inviting the audience to reassess its values constantly before the climax of the play resolves...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss what is reputedly the most performed of all Greek tragedies. Antigone, by Sophocles (c496-c406 BC), is powerfully ambiguous, inviting the audience to reassess its values constantly before the climax of the play resolves the plot if not the issues. Antigone is barely a teenager and is prepared to defy her uncle Creon,  the new king of Thebes, who has decreed that nobody should bury the body of her brother, a traitor, on pain of death.  This sets up a conflict between  generations, between the state and the individual, uncle and niece, autocracy and pluralism, and it releases an enormous tragic energy that brings sudden death to Antigone, her fiance Haemon who is also Creon's son, and to Creon's wife Eurydice, while Creon himself is condemned to a living death of grief.  With  Edith Hall Professor of Classics at Durham University  Oliver Taplin Emeritus Professor of Classics, University of Oxford  And  Lyndsay Coo Senior Lecturer in Ancient Greek Language and Literature at the University of Bristol   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3293</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Charisma</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/charisma</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea of charismatic authority developed by  Max Weber (1864-1920) to explain why people welcome some as their legitimate rulers and follow them loyally, for better or worse, while following others only dutifully or grudgingly.  Weber was fascinated by those such as Napoleon (above) and Washington who achieved power not by right, as with traditional monarchs, or by law as with the bureaucratic world around him in Germany, but by revolution or insurrection.  Drawing on the experience of religious figures, he contended that these leaders, often outsiders, needed to be seen as exceptional, heroic and even miraculous to command loyalty, and could stay in power for as long as the people were enthralled and the miracles they had promised kept coming. After the Second World War, Weber's idea attracted new attention as a way of understanding why some reviled leaders once had mass support and, with the arrival of television, why some politicians were more engaging and influential on screen than others.   With   Linda Woodhead The FD Maurice Professor and Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at King's College London  David Bell The Lapidus Professor in the Department of History at Princeton University  And  Tom Wright Reader in Rhetoric at the University of Sussex  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0015b6r</guid><pubDate>Thu, 14 Apr 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979014/p0bvhhvz.mp3" length="51198033" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea of charismatic authority developed by  Max Weber (1864-1920) to explain why people welcome some as their legitimate rulers and follow them loyally, for better or worse, while following others only dutifully or...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea of charismatic authority developed by  Max Weber (1864-1920) to explain why people welcome some as their legitimate rulers and follow them loyally, for better or worse, while following others only dutifully or grudgingly.  Weber was fascinated by those such as Napoleon (above) and Washington who achieved power not by right, as with traditional monarchs, or by law as with the bureaucratic world around him in Germany, but by revolution or insurrection.  Drawing on the experience of religious figures, he contended that these leaders, often outsiders, needed to be seen as exceptional, heroic and even miraculous to command loyalty, and could stay in power for as long as the people were enthralled and the miracles they had promised kept coming. After the Second World War, Weber's idea attracted new attention as a way of understanding why some reviled leaders once had mass support and, with the arrival of television, why some politicians were more engaging and influential on screen than others.   With   Linda Woodhead The FD Maurice Professor and Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at King's College London  David Bell The Lapidus Professor in the Department of History at Princeton University  And  Tom Wright Reader in Rhetoric at the University of Sussex  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3200</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Seismology</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/seismology</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the study of earthquakes. A massive earthquake in 1755 devastated Lisbon, and this disaster helped inspire a new science of seismology which intensified after San Francisco in 1906 and advanced even further with the need to monitor nuclear tests around the world from 1945 onwards.  While we now know so much more about what lies beneath the surface of the Earth, and how rocks move and crack, it remains impossible to predict when earthquakes will happen. Thanks to seismology, though, we have a clearer idea of where earthquakes will happen and how to make some of them less hazardous to lives and homes.  With  Rebecca Bell Senior lecturer in Geology and Geophysics at Imperial College London  Zoe Mildon Lecturer in Earth Sciences and Future Leaders Fellow at the University of Plymouth  And   James Hammond Reader in Geophysics at Birkbeck, University of London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00154gh</guid><pubDate>Thu, 07 Apr 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979161/p0btbqzw.mp3" length="48258948" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the study of earthquakes. A massive earthquake in 1755 devastated Lisbon, and this disaster helped inspire a new science of seismology which intensified after San Francisco in 1906 and advanced even further with the...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the study of earthquakes. A massive earthquake in 1755 devastated Lisbon, and this disaster helped inspire a new science of seismology which intensified after San Francisco in 1906 and advanced even further with the need to monitor nuclear tests around the world from 1945 onwards.  While we now know so much more about what lies beneath the surface of the Earth, and how rocks move and crack, it remains impossible to predict when earthquakes will happen. Thanks to seismology, though, we have a clearer idea of where earthquakes will happen and how to make some of them less hazardous to lives and homes.  With  Rebecca Bell Senior lecturer in Geology and Geophysics at Imperial College London  Zoe Mildon Lecturer in Earth Sciences and Future Leaders Fellow at the University of Plymouth  And   James Hammond Reader in Geophysics at Birkbeck, University of London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3017</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Arthashastra</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-arthashastra</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ancient Sanskrit text the Arthashastra, regarded as one of the major works of Indian literature. Written in the style of a scientific treatise, it provides rulers with a guide on how to govern their territory and sets out what the structure, economic policy and foreign affairs of the ideal state should be. According to legend, it was written by Chanakya, a political advisor to the ruler Chandragupta Maurya (reigned 321 – 297 BC) who founded the Mauryan Empire, the first great Empire in the Indian subcontinent. As the Arthashastra asserts that a ruler should pursue his goals ruthlessly by whatever means is required, it has been compared with the 16th-century work The Prince by Machiavelli. Today, it is widely viewed as presenting a sophisticated and refined analysis of the nature, dynamics and challenges of rulership, and scholars value it partly because it undermines colonial stereotypes of what early South Asian society was like.   With  Jessica Frazier Lecturer in the Study of Religion at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies  James Hegarty Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions at Cardiff University   And   Deven Patel Associate Professor of South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0014xt4</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 2022 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979716/p0brvnz7.mp3" length="54574323" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ancient Sanskrit text the Arthashastra, regarded as one of the major works of Indian literature. Written in the style of a scientific treatise, it provides rulers with a guide on how to govern their territory and...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ancient Sanskrit text the Arthashastra, regarded as one of the major works of Indian literature. Written in the style of a scientific treatise, it provides rulers with a guide on how to govern their territory and sets out what the structure, economic policy and foreign affairs of the ideal state should be. According to legend, it was written by Chanakya, a political advisor to the ruler Chandragupta Maurya (reigned 321 – 297 BC) who founded the Mauryan Empire, the first great Empire in the Indian subcontinent. As the Arthashastra asserts that a ruler should pursue his goals ruthlessly by whatever means is required, it has been compared with the 16th-century work The Prince by Machiavelli. Today, it is widely viewed as presenting a sophisticated and refined analysis of the nature, dynamics and challenges of rulership, and scholars value it partly because it undermines colonial stereotypes of what early South Asian society was like.   With  Jessica Frazier Lecturer in the Study of Religion at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies  James Hegarty Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions at Cardiff University   And   Deven Patel Associate Professor of South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3411</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>In Our Time is now first on BBC Sounds</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/in-our-time-is-now-first-on-bbc-sounds</link><description><![CDATA[Looking for the latest episode? New episodes of In Our Time will now be available first on BBC Sounds for four weeks before other podcast apps.  If you haven’t already, you can download the BBC Sounds app to listen to the In Our Time podcast first.  BBC Sounds is also available in lots of other places. Find us on your voice device or smart speaker, on your connected TV, in your car, or at bbc.co.uk/sounds.  The latest episode is available on BBC Sounds right now.  BBC Sounds – you can find exclusive music mixes, live BBC radio and more podcasts like this one.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:p0bsctbl</guid><pubDate>Fri, 04 Mar 2022 04:00:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52978981/p0bscr3t.mp3" length="1614341" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Looking for the latest episode? New episodes of In Our Time will now be available first on BBC Sounds for four weeks before other podcast apps.  If you haven’t already, you can download the BBC Sounds app to listen to the In Our Time podcast first....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Looking for the latest episode? New episodes of In Our Time will now be available first on BBC Sounds for four weeks before other podcast apps.  If you haven’t already, you can download the BBC Sounds app to listen to the In Our Time podcast first.  BBC Sounds is also available in lots of other places. Find us on your voice device or smart speaker, on your connected TV, in your car, or at bbc.co.uk/sounds.  The latest episode is available on BBC Sounds right now.  BBC Sounds – you can find exclusive music mixes, live BBC radio and more podcasts like this one.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>101</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Peter Kropotkin</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/peter-kropotkin</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Russian prince who became a leading anarchist and famous scientist.  Kropotkin (1842 - 1921) was born into privilege, very much in the highest circle of Russian society as a pageboy for the Tsar, before he became a republican in childhood and dropped the title 'Prince'.  While working in Siberia, he started reading about anarchism and that radicalised him further, as did his observations of Siberian villagers supporting each other without (or despite) a role for the State.  He made a name for himself as a geographer but soon his politics landed him in jail in St Petersburg, from which he escaped to exile in England where he was fêted, with growing fame leading to lecture tours in the USA.  His time in Siberia also inspired his ideas on the importance of mutual aid in evolution, a counter to the dominant idea from Darwin and Huxley that life was a gladiatorial combat in which only the fittest survived.  Kropotkin became such a towering figure in public life that, returning to Russia, he was able to challenge Lenin without reprisal, and Lenin in turn permitted his enormous public funeral there, attended by 20,000 mourners.  With   Ruth Kinna Professor of Political Theory at Loughborough University  Lee Dugatkin Professor of Biology at the University of Louisville  And  Simon Dixon The Sir Bernard Pares Professor of Russian History at University College London]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0014pfr</guid><pubDate>Thu, 24 Feb 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980138/p0bqp0y2.mp3" length="50463692" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Russian prince who became a leading anarchist and famous scientist.  Kropotkin (1842 - 1921) was born into privilege, very much in the highest circle of Russian society as a pageboy for the Tsar, before he became a...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Russian prince who became a leading anarchist and famous scientist.  Kropotkin (1842 - 1921) was born into privilege, very much in the highest circle of Russian society as a pageboy for the Tsar, before he became a republican in childhood and dropped the title 'Prince'.  While working in Siberia, he started reading about anarchism and that radicalised him further, as did his observations of Siberian villagers supporting each other without (or despite) a role for the State.  He made a name for himself as a geographer but soon his politics landed him in jail in St Petersburg, from which he escaped to exile in England where he was fêted, with growing fame leading to lecture tours in the USA.  His time in Siberia also inspired his ideas on the importance of mutual aid in evolution, a counter to the dominant idea from Darwin and Huxley that life was a gladiatorial combat in which only the fittest survived.  Kropotkin became such a towering figure in public life that, returning to Russia, he was able to challenge Lenin without reprisal, and Lenin in turn permitted his enormous public funeral there, attended by 20,000 mourners.  With   Ruth Kinna Professor of Political Theory at Loughborough University  Lee Dugatkin Professor of Biology at the University of Louisville  And  Simon Dixon The Sir Bernard Pares Professor of Russian History at University College London]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3154</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Romeo and Juliet</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/romeo-and-juliet</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss William Shakespeare's famous tragedy, written in the early 1590s after a series of histories and comedies.  His audience already knew the story of the feuding Capulets and Montagues in Verona and the fate of the young lovers from their rival houses, but not how Shakespeare would tell it and, with his poetry and plotting, he created a work so powerful and timeless that his play has shaped the way we talk of love, especially young love, ever since.  The image above is of Mrs Patrick Campbell ('Mrs Pat') as Juliet and Johnson Forbes-Robinson as Romeo in a scene from the 1895 production at the Lyceum Theatre, London  With  Helen Hackett Professor of English Literature at University College London  Paul Prescott Professor of English and Theatre at the University of California Merced  And  Emma Smith Professor of Shakespeare Studies at Hertford College, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0014gml</guid><pubDate>Thu, 17 Feb 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980415/p0bp772y.mp3" length="48874196" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss William Shakespeare's famous tragedy, written in the early 1590s after a series of histories and comedies.  His audience already knew the story of the feuding Capulets and Montagues in Verona and the fate of the young...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss William Shakespeare's famous tragedy, written in the early 1590s after a series of histories and comedies.  His audience already knew the story of the feuding Capulets and Montagues in Verona and the fate of the young lovers from their rival houses, but not how Shakespeare would tell it and, with his poetry and plotting, he created a work so powerful and timeless that his play has shaped the way we talk of love, especially young love, ever since.  The image above is of Mrs Patrick Campbell ('Mrs Pat') as Juliet and Johnson Forbes-Robinson as Romeo in a scene from the 1895 production at the Lyceum Theatre, London  With  Helen Hackett Professor of English Literature at University College London  Paul Prescott Professor of English and Theatre at the University of California Merced  And  Emma Smith Professor of Shakespeare Studies at Hertford College, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3055</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Walter Benjamin</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/walter-benjamin</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most celebrated thinkers of the twentieth century. Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, critic, historian, an investigator of culture, a maker of radio programmes and more.  Notably, in his Arcades Project, he looked into the past of Paris to understand the modern age and, in The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, examined how the new media of film and photography enabled art to be politicised, and politics to become a form of art. The rise of the Nazis in Germany forced him into exile, and he worked in Paris in dread of what was to come; when his escape from France in 1940 was blocked at the Spanish border, he took his own life.   With   Esther Leslie Professor of Political Aesthetics at Birkbeck, University of London  Kevin McLaughlin Dean of the Faculty and Professor of English, Comparative Literature and German Studies at Brown University  And  Carolin Duttlinger Professor of German Literature and Culture at the University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0014710</guid><pubDate>Thu, 10 Feb 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979269/p0bmxm0l.mp3" length="49179722" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most celebrated thinkers of the twentieth century. Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, critic, historian, an investigator of culture, a maker of radio programmes and more.  Notably,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most celebrated thinkers of the twentieth century. Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, critic, historian, an investigator of culture, a maker of radio programmes and more.  Notably, in his Arcades Project, he looked into the past of Paris to understand the modern age and, in The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, examined how the new media of film and photography enabled art to be politicised, and politics to become a form of art. The rise of the Nazis in Germany forced him into exile, and he worked in Paris in dread of what was to come; when his escape from France in 1940 was blocked at the Spanish border, he took his own life.   With   Esther Leslie Professor of Political Aesthetics at Birkbeck, University of London  Kevin McLaughlin Dean of the Faculty and Professor of English, Comparative Literature and German Studies at Brown University  And  Carolin Duttlinger Professor of German Literature and Culture at the University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3074</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Colette</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/colette</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss  one of the outstanding French writers of the twentieth century.  The novels of Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (1873 - 1954) always had women at their centre, from youth to mid-life to old age, and they were phenomenally popular, at first for their freshness and frankness about women’s lives, as in the Claudine stories, and soon for their sheer quality as she developed as a writer.  Throughout her career she intrigued readers by inserting herself, or a character with her name, into her works, fictionalising her life as a way to share her insight into the human experience.  With   Diana Holmes Professor of French at the University of Leeds  Michèle Roberts Writer, novelist, poet and Emeritus Professor of Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia  And  Belinda Jack Fellow and Tutor in French Literature and Language at Christ Church, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0013rmw</guid><pubDate>Thu, 27 Jan 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979748/p0bk7ssb.mp3" length="50059928" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss  one of the outstanding French writers of the twentieth century.  The novels of Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (1873 - 1954) always had women at their centre, from youth to mid-life to old age, and they were phenomenally...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss  one of the outstanding French writers of the twentieth century.  The novels of Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (1873 - 1954) always had women at their centre, from youth to mid-life to old age, and they were phenomenally popular, at first for their freshness and frankness about women’s lives, as in the Claudine stories, and soon for their sheer quality as she developed as a writer.  Throughout her career she intrigued readers by inserting herself, or a character with her name, into her works, fictionalising her life as a way to share her insight into the human experience.  With   Diana Holmes Professor of French at the University of Leeds  Michèle Roberts Writer, novelist, poet and Emeritus Professor of Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia  And  Belinda Jack Fellow and Tutor in French Literature and Language at Christ Church, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3129</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Gold Standard</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-gold-standard</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the system that flourished from 1870 when gold became dominant and more widely available, following gold rushes in California and Australia.  Banknotes could be exchanged for gold at central banks, the coins in circulation could be gold (as with the sovereign in the image above, initially worth £1), gold could be freely imported and exported, and many national currencies around the world were tied to gold and so to each other.  The idea began in Britain, where sterling was seen as good as gold, and when other countries rushed to the Gold Standard the confidence in their currencies grew, and world trade took off and, for a century, gold was seen as a vital component of the world economy, supporting stability and confidence.  The system came with constraints on government ability to respond to economic crises, though, and has been blamed for deepening and prolonging the Great Depression of the 1930s.   With  Catherine Schenk Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Oxford  Helen Paul Lecturer in Economics and Economic History at the University of Southampton  And  Matthias Morys Senior Lecturer in Economic History at the University of York  Produced by Eliane Glaser and Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0013hh7</guid><pubDate>Thu, 20 Jan 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979284/p0bj44yp.mp3" length="47698060" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the system that flourished from 1870 when gold became dominant and more widely available, following gold rushes in California and Australia.  Banknotes could be exchanged for gold at central banks, the coins in...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the system that flourished from 1870 when gold became dominant and more widely available, following gold rushes in California and Australia.  Banknotes could be exchanged for gold at central banks, the coins in circulation could be gold (as with the sovereign in the image above, initially worth £1), gold could be freely imported and exported, and many national currencies around the world were tied to gold and so to each other.  The idea began in Britain, where sterling was seen as good as gold, and when other countries rushed to the Gold Standard the confidence in their currencies grew, and world trade took off and, for a century, gold was seen as a vital component of the world economy, supporting stability and confidence.  The system came with constraints on government ability to respond to economic crises, though, and has been blamed for deepening and prolonging the Great Depression of the 1930s.   With  Catherine Schenk Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Oxford  Helen Paul Lecturer in Economics and Economic History at the University of Southampton  And  Matthias Morys Senior Lecturer in Economic History at the University of York  Produced by Eliane Glaser and Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2982</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Thomas Hardy's Poetry</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/thomas-hardys-poetry</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Thomas Hardy (1840 -1928) and his commitment to poetry, which he prized far above his novels.  In the 1890s, once he had earned enough from his fiction, Hardy stopped writing novels altogether and returned to the poetry he had largely put aside since his twenties.  He hoped that he might be ranked one day alongside Shelley and Byron, worthy of inclusion in a collection such as Palgrave's Golden Treasury which had inspired him. Hardy kept writing poems for the rest of his life, in different styles and metres, and he explored genres from nature,  to war, to epic.  Among his best known are what he called his Poems of 1912 to 13, responding to his grief at the death of his first wife, Emma (1840 -1912), who he credited as the one who had made it possible for him to leave his work as an architect's clerk and to write the novels that made him famous.  With  Mark Ford Poet, and Professor of English and American Literature, University College London.  Jane Thomas Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Hull and Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Leeds  And   Tim Armstrong Professor of Modern English and American Literature at Royal Holloway, University of London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00139nw</guid><pubDate>Thu, 13 Jan 2022 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980404/p0bgm91k.mp3" length="49343574" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Thomas Hardy (1840 -1928) and his commitment to poetry, which he prized far above his novels.  In the 1890s, once he had earned enough from his fiction, Hardy stopped writing novels altogether and returned to the poetry...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Thomas Hardy (1840 -1928) and his commitment to poetry, which he prized far above his novels.  In the 1890s, once he had earned enough from his fiction, Hardy stopped writing novels altogether and returned to the poetry he had largely put aside since his twenties.  He hoped that he might be ranked one day alongside Shelley and Byron, worthy of inclusion in a collection such as Palgrave's Golden Treasury which had inspired him. Hardy kept writing poems for the rest of his life, in different styles and metres, and he explored genres from nature,  to war, to epic.  Among his best known are what he called his Poems of 1912 to 13, responding to his grief at the death of his first wife, Emma (1840 -1912), who he credited as the one who had made it possible for him to leave his work as an architect's clerk and to write the novels that made him famous.  With  Mark Ford Poet, and Professor of English and American Literature, University College London.  Jane Thomas Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Hull and Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Leeds  And   Tim Armstrong Professor of Modern English and American Literature at Royal Holloway, University of London  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3084</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Hittites</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-hittites</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the empire that flourished in the Late Bronze Age in what is now Turkey, and which, like others at that time, mysteriously collapsed. For the next three thousand years these people of the Land of Hatti, as they called themselves, were known only by small references to their Iron Age descendants in the Old Testament and by unexplained remains in their former territory. Discoveries in their capital of Hattusa just over a century ago brought them back to prominence, including cuneiform tablets such as one (pictured above) which relates to an agreement with their rivals, the Egyptians. This agreement has since become popularly known as the Treaty of Kadesh and described as the oldest recorded peace treaty that survives to this day, said to have followed a great chariot battle with Egypt in 1274 BC near the Orontes River in northern Syria.   With  Claudia Glatz Professor of Archaeology at the University of Glasgow  Ilgi Gercek Assistant Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Languages and History at Bilkent University  And  Christoph Bachhuber Lecturer in Archaeology at St John’s College, University of Oxford   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0012q5n</guid><pubDate>Thu, 23 Dec 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979087/p0bcjs09.mp3" length="51453040" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the empire that flourished in the Late Bronze Age in what is now Turkey, and which, like others at that time, mysteriously collapsed. For the next three thousand years these people of the Land of Hatti, as they called...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the empire that flourished in the Late Bronze Age in what is now Turkey, and which, like others at that time, mysteriously collapsed. For the next three thousand years these people of the Land of Hatti, as they called themselves, were known only by small references to their Iron Age descendants in the Old Testament and by unexplained remains in their former territory. Discoveries in their capital of Hattusa just over a century ago brought them back to prominence, including cuneiform tablets such as one (pictured above) which relates to an agreement with their rivals, the Egyptians. This agreement has since become popularly known as the Treaty of Kadesh and described as the oldest recorded peace treaty that survives to this day, said to have followed a great chariot battle with Egypt in 1274 BC near the Orontes River in northern Syria.   With  Claudia Glatz Professor of Archaeology at the University of Glasgow  Ilgi Gercek Assistant Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Languages and History at Bilkent University  And  Christoph Bachhuber Lecturer in Archaeology at St John’s College, University of Oxford   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3216</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>A Christmas Carol</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/a-christmas-carol</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Charles Dickens' novella, written in 1843 when he was 31, which has become intertwined with his reputation and with Christmas itself. Ebenezer Scrooge is the miserly everyman figure whose joyless obsession with money severs him from society and his own emotions, and he is only saved after recalling his lonely past, seeing what he is missing now and being warned of his future, all under the guidance of the ghosts of Christmases Past, Present and Yet To Come.  Redeemed, Scrooge comes to care in particular about one of the many minor characters in the story who make a great impact, namely Tiny Tim, the disabled child of the poor and warm-hearted Cratchit family, with his cry, "God bless us, every one!"  With  Juliet John Professor of English Literature and Dean of Arts and Social Sciences at City, University of London  Jon Mee Professor of Eighteenth-Century Studies at the University of York  And  Dinah Birch Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Cultural Engagement and Professor of English Literature at the University of Liverpool   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0012fl5</guid><pubDate>Thu, 16 Dec 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980381/p0bb225c.mp3" length="54709744" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Charles Dickens' novella, written in 1843 when he was 31, which has become intertwined with his reputation and with Christmas itself. Ebenezer Scrooge is the miserly everyman figure whose joyless obsession with money...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Charles Dickens' novella, written in 1843 when he was 31, which has become intertwined with his reputation and with Christmas itself. Ebenezer Scrooge is the miserly everyman figure whose joyless obsession with money severs him from society and his own emotions, and he is only saved after recalling his lonely past, seeing what he is missing now and being warned of his future, all under the guidance of the ghosts of Christmases Past, Present and Yet To Come.  Redeemed, Scrooge comes to care in particular about one of the many minor characters in the story who make a great impact, namely Tiny Tim, the disabled child of the poor and warm-hearted Cratchit family, with his cry, "God bless us, every one!"  With  Juliet John Professor of English Literature and Dean of Arts and Social Sciences at City, University of London  Jon Mee Professor of Eighteenth-Century Studies at the University of York  And  Dinah Birch Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Cultural Engagement and Professor of English Literature at the University of Liverpool   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3420</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The May Fourth Movement</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-may-fourth-movement</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the violent protests in China on 4th May 1919 over the nation's humiliation in the Versailles Treaty after World War One.  China had supported the Allies, sending workers to dig trenches, and expected to regain the German colonies on its territory, but the Allies and China's leaders chose to give that land to Japan instead.  To protestors, this was a travesty and reflected much that was wrong with China, with its corrupt leaders, division by warlords, weakness before Imperial Europe and outdated ideas and values.  The movement around 4th May has since been seen as a watershed in China’s development in the 20th century, not least as some of those connected with the movement went on to found the Communist Party of China a few years later.  The image above is of students from Peking University marching with banners during the May Fourth demonstrations in 1919.  With   Rana Mitter Professor of the History and Politics of Modern China and Fellow of St Cross College, University of Oxford  Elisabeth Forster Lecturer in Chinese History at the University of Southampton  And   Song-Chuan Chen Associate Professor in History at the University of Warwick   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m001282c</guid><pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979700/p0b8kqqh.mp3" length="51491888" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the violent protests in China on 4th May 1919 over the nation's humiliation in the Versailles Treaty after World War One.  China had supported the Allies, sending workers to dig trenches, and expected to regain the...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the violent protests in China on 4th May 1919 over the nation's humiliation in the Versailles Treaty after World War One.  China had supported the Allies, sending workers to dig trenches, and expected to regain the German colonies on its territory, but the Allies and China's leaders chose to give that land to Japan instead.  To protestors, this was a travesty and reflected much that was wrong with China, with its corrupt leaders, division by warlords, weakness before Imperial Europe and outdated ideas and values.  The movement around 4th May has since been seen as a watershed in China’s development in the 20th century, not least as some of those connected with the movement went on to found the Communist Party of China a few years later.  The image above is of students from Peking University marching with banners during the May Fourth demonstrations in 1919.  With   Rana Mitter Professor of the History and Politics of Modern China and Fellow of St Cross College, University of Oxford  Elisabeth Forster Lecturer in Chinese History at the University of Southampton  And   Song-Chuan Chen Associate Professor in History at the University of Warwick   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3219</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Battle of Trafalgar</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-battle-of-trafalgar</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the events of 21st October 1805, in which the British fleet led by Nelson destroyed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet in the Atlantic off the coast of Spain.  Nelson's death that day was deeply mourned in Britain, and his example proved influential, and the battle was to help sever ties between Spain and its American empire. In France meanwhile, even before Nelson's body was interred at St Paul's, the setback at Trafalgar was overshadowed by Napoleon's decisive victory over Russia and Austria at Austerlitz, though Napoleon's search for his lost naval strength was to shape his plans for further conquests.  The image above is from 'The Battle of Trafalgar' by JMW Turner (1824).  With  James Davey Lecturer in Naval and Maritime History at the University of Exeter  Marianne Czisnik  Independent researcher on Nelson and editor of his letters to Lady Hamilton  And  Kenneth Johnson Research Professor of National Security at Air University, Alabama   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0012141</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980409/p0b7g69l.mp3" length="50536433" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the events of 21st October 1805, in which the British fleet led by Nelson destroyed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet in the Atlantic off the coast of Spain.  Nelson's death that day was deeply mourned in Britain, and his...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the events of 21st October 1805, in which the British fleet led by Nelson destroyed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet in the Atlantic off the coast of Spain.  Nelson's death that day was deeply mourned in Britain, and his example proved influential, and the battle was to help sever ties between Spain and its American empire. In France meanwhile, even before Nelson's body was interred at St Paul's, the setback at Trafalgar was overshadowed by Napoleon's decisive victory over Russia and Austria at Austerlitz, though Napoleon's search for his lost naval strength was to shape his plans for further conquests.  The image above is from 'The Battle of Trafalgar' by JMW Turner (1824).  With  James Davey Lecturer in Naval and Maritime History at the University of Exeter  Marianne Czisnik  Independent researcher on Nelson and editor of his letters to Lady Hamilton  And  Kenneth Johnson Research Professor of National Security at Air University, Alabama   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3159</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Plato's Gorgias</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/platos-gorgias</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of Plato's most striking dialogues, in which he addresses the real nature of power and freedom, and the relationship between pleasure and true self-interest.  As he tests these ideas, Plato creates powerful speeches, notably from Callicles who claims that laws of nature trump man-made laws, that might is right, and that rules are made by weak people to constrain the strong in defiance of what is natural and proper.  Gorgias is arguably the most personal of all of Plato's dialogues, with its hints of a simmering fury at the system in Athens that put his mentor Socrates to death, and where rhetoric held too much sway over people.      With  Angie Hobbs Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield  Frisbee Sheffield University Lecturer in Classics and Fellow of Downing College, University of Cambridge  And  Fiona Leigh Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University College London   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0011rzy</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Nov 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979328/p0b5z2ms.mp3" length="48707428" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of Plato's most striking dialogues, in which he addresses the real nature of power and freedom, and the relationship between pleasure and true self-interest.  As he tests these ideas, Plato creates powerful...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of Plato's most striking dialogues, in which he addresses the real nature of power and freedom, and the relationship between pleasure and true self-interest.  As he tests these ideas, Plato creates powerful speeches, notably from Callicles who claims that laws of nature trump man-made laws, that might is right, and that rules are made by weak people to constrain the strong in defiance of what is natural and proper.  Gorgias is arguably the most personal of all of Plato's dialogues, with its hints of a simmering fury at the system in Athens that put his mentor Socrates to death, and where rhetoric held too much sway over people.      With  Angie Hobbs Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield  Frisbee Sheffield University Lecturer in Classics and Fellow of Downing College, University of Cambridge  And  Fiona Leigh Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University College London   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3045</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Decadent Movement</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-decadent-movement</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the British phase of a movement that spread across Europe in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. Influenced by Charles Baudelaire and by Walter Pater, these Decadents rejected the mainstream Victorian view that art needed a moral purpose, and valued instead the intense sensations art provoked, celebrating art for art’s sake. Oscar Wilde was at its heart, Aubrey Beardsley adorned it with his illustrations and they, with others, provoked moral panic with their supposed degeneracy. After burning brightly, the movement soon lost its energy in Britain yet it has proved influential.  The illustration above, by Beardsley, is from the cover of the first edition of The Yellow Book in April 1894.  With  Neil Sammells Professor of English and Irish Literature and Deputy Vice Chancellor at Bath Spa University  Kate Hext Senior Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Exeter  And  Alex Murray Senior Lecturer in English at Queen’s University, Belfast   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0011lrn</guid><pubDate>Thu, 18 Nov 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980398/p0b4jvzb.mp3" length="49980126" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the British phase of a movement that spread across Europe in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. Influenced by Charles Baudelaire and by Walter Pater, these Decadents rejected the mainstream Victorian view that art...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the British phase of a movement that spread across Europe in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. Influenced by Charles Baudelaire and by Walter Pater, these Decadents rejected the mainstream Victorian view that art needed a moral purpose, and valued instead the intense sensations art provoked, celebrating art for art’s sake. Oscar Wilde was at its heart, Aubrey Beardsley adorned it with his illustrations and they, with others, provoked moral panic with their supposed degeneracy. After burning brightly, the movement soon lost its energy in Britain yet it has proved influential.  The illustration above, by Beardsley, is from the cover of the first edition of The Yellow Book in April 1894.  With  Neil Sammells Professor of English and Irish Literature and Deputy Vice Chancellor at Bath Spa University  Kate Hext Senior Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Exeter  And  Alex Murray Senior Lecturer in English at Queen’s University, Belfast   Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3124</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>William and Caroline Herschel</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/william-and-caroline-herschel</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss William Herschel (1738 – 1822) and his sister Caroline Herschel (1750 – 1848) who were born in Hanover and made their reputation in Britain. William was one of the most eminent astronomers in British history. Although he started life as a musician, as a young man he became interested in studying the night sky. With an extraordinary talent, he constructed telescopes that were able to see further and more clearly than any others at the time. He is most celebrated today for discovering the planet Uranus and detecting what came to be known as infrared radiation. Caroline also became a distinguished astronomer, discovering several comets and collaborating with her brother.  With  Monica Grady Professor of Planetary and Space Sciences at the Open University  Carolin Crawford Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge and an Emeritus Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge  And  Jim Bennett Keeper Emeritus at the Science Museum in London.  Studio producer: John Goudie]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0011c4p</guid><pubDate>Thu, 11 Nov 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979270/p0b3bz2f.mp3" length="49565944" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss William Herschel (1738 – 1822) and his sister Caroline Herschel (1750 – 1848) who were born in Hanover and made their reputation in Britain. William was one of the most eminent astronomers in British history. Although...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss William Herschel (1738 – 1822) and his sister Caroline Herschel (1750 – 1848) who were born in Hanover and made their reputation in Britain. William was one of the most eminent astronomers in British history. Although he started life as a musician, as a young man he became interested in studying the night sky. With an extraordinary talent, he constructed telescopes that were able to see further and more clearly than any others at the time. He is most celebrated today for discovering the planet Uranus and detecting what came to be known as infrared radiation. Caroline also became a distinguished astronomer, discovering several comets and collaborating with her brother.  With  Monica Grady Professor of Planetary and Space Sciences at the Open University  Carolin Crawford Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge and an Emeritus Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge  And  Jim Bennett Keeper Emeritus at the Science Museum in London.  Studio producer: John Goudie]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3098</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Song of Roland</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-song-of-roland</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss an early masterpiece of French epic poetry, from the 12th Century.  It is a reimagining of Charlemagne’s wars in Spain in the 8th Century in which Roland, his most valiant knight, chooses death before dishonour, guarding the army’s rear from a pagan ambush as it heads back through the Roncesvalles Pass in the Pyrenees.  If he wanted to, Roland could blow on his oliphant, his elephant tusk horn, to summon help by calling back Charlemagne's army, but according to his values that would bring shame both on him and on France, and he would rather keep killing pagans until he is the last man standing and the last to die.  The image above is taken from an illustration of Charlemagne finding Roland after the Battle of Roncevaux/Roncesvalles, from 'Les Grandes Chroniques de France', c.1460 by Jean Fouquet, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, Ms Fr 6465 f.113   With   Laura Ashe Professor of English Literature and Fellow in English at Worcester College, University of Oxford  Miranda Griffin Assistant Professor of Medieval French at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Murray Edwards College  And  Luke Sunderland Professor in the School of Modern Languages and Cultures at Durham University  Studio producer: John Goudie]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00114m8</guid><pubDate>Thu, 04 Nov 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980103/p0b251dz.mp3" length="51120773" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss an early masterpiece of French epic poetry, from the 12th Century.  It is a reimagining of Charlemagne’s wars in Spain in the 8th Century in which Roland, his most valiant knight, chooses death before dishonour,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss an early masterpiece of French epic poetry, from the 12th Century.  It is a reimagining of Charlemagne’s wars in Spain in the 8th Century in which Roland, his most valiant knight, chooses death before dishonour, guarding the army’s rear from a pagan ambush as it heads back through the Roncesvalles Pass in the Pyrenees.  If he wanted to, Roland could blow on his oliphant, his elephant tusk horn, to summon help by calling back Charlemagne's army, but according to his values that would bring shame both on him and on France, and he would rather keep killing pagans until he is the last man standing and the last to die.  The image above is taken from an illustration of Charlemagne finding Roland after the Battle of Roncevaux/Roncesvalles, from 'Les Grandes Chroniques de France', c.1460 by Jean Fouquet, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, Ms Fr 6465 f.113   With   Laura Ashe Professor of English Literature and Fellow in English at Worcester College, University of Oxford  Miranda Griffin Assistant Professor of Medieval French at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Murray Edwards College  And  Luke Sunderland Professor in the School of Modern Languages and Cultures at Durham University  Studio producer: John Goudie]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3196</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Iris Murdoch</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/iris-murdoch</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the author and philosopher Iris Murdoch (1919 - 1999).  In her lifetime she was most celebrated for her novels such as The Bell and The Black Prince, but these are now sharing the spotlight with her philosophy.  Responding to the horrors of the Second World War, she argued that morality was not subjective or a matter of taste, as many of her contemporaries held, but was objective, and good was a fact we could recognize.  To tell good from bad, though, we would need to see the world as it really is, not as we want to see it, and her novels are full of characters who are not yet enlightened enough to do that.  With  Anil Gomes Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at Trinity College, University of Oxford  Anne Rowe Visiting Professor at the University of Chichester and Emeritus Research Fellow with the Iris Murdoch Archive Project at Kingston University  And  Miles Leeson Director of the Iris Murdoch Research Centre and Reader in English Literature at the University of Chichester  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0010q90</guid><pubDate>Thu, 21 Oct 2021 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979243/p09z7y9b.mp3" length="52907494" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the author and philosopher Iris Murdoch (1919 - 1999).  In her lifetime she was most celebrated for her novels such as The Bell and The Black Prince, but these are now sharing the spotlight with her philosophy....</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the author and philosopher Iris Murdoch (1919 - 1999).  In her lifetime she was most celebrated for her novels such as The Bell and The Black Prince, but these are now sharing the spotlight with her philosophy.  Responding to the horrors of the Second World War, she argued that morality was not subjective or a matter of taste, as many of her contemporaries held, but was objective, and good was a fact we could recognize.  To tell good from bad, though, we would need to see the world as it really is, not as we want to see it, and her novels are full of characters who are not yet enlightened enough to do that.  With  Anil Gomes Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at Trinity College, University of Oxford  Anne Rowe Visiting Professor at the University of Chichester and Emeritus Research Fellow with the Iris Murdoch Archive Project at Kingston University  And  Miles Leeson Director of the Iris Murdoch Research Centre and Reader in English Literature at the University of Chichester  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3307</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-polish-lithuanian-commonwealth</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the republic that emerged from the union of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th Century. At first this was a personal union, similar to that of James I and VI in Britain, but this was formalised in 1569 into a vast republic, stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Kings and princes from across Europe would compete for parliament to elect them King and Grand Duke, and the greatest power lay with the parliaments. When the system worked well, the Commonwealth was a powerhouse, and it was their leader Jan Sobieski who relieved the siege of Vienna in 1683, defeating the Ottomans. Its neighbours exploited its parliament's need for unanimity, though, and this contributed to its downfall. Austria, Russia and Prussia divided its territory between them from 1772, before the new, smaller states only emerged in the 20th Century.   The image above is Jan III Sobieski (1629-1696), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, at the Battle of Vienna 1683, by Marcello Bacciarelli (1731-1818)  With   Robert Frost The Burnett Fletcher Chair of History at the University of Aberdeen  Katarzyna Kosior Lecturer in Early Modern History at Northumbria University  And  Norman Davies Professor Emeritus in History and Honorary Fellow of St Antony’s College, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m0010f8z</guid><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2021 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979851/p09yj4lp.mp3" length="47434780" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the republic that emerged from the union of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th Century. At first this was a personal union, similar to that of James I and VI in Britain, but this was...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the republic that emerged from the union of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th Century. At first this was a personal union, similar to that of James I and VI in Britain, but this was formalised in 1569 into a vast republic, stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Kings and princes from across Europe would compete for parliament to elect them King and Grand Duke, and the greatest power lay with the parliaments. When the system worked well, the Commonwealth was a powerhouse, and it was their leader Jan Sobieski who relieved the siege of Vienna in 1683, defeating the Ottomans. Its neighbours exploited its parliament's need for unanimity, though, and this contributed to its downfall. Austria, Russia and Prussia divided its territory between them from 1772, before the new, smaller states only emerged in the 20th Century.   The image above is Jan III Sobieski (1629-1696), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, at the Battle of Vienna 1683, by Marcello Bacciarelli (1731-1818)  With   Robert Frost The Burnett Fletcher Chair of History at the University of Aberdeen  Katarzyna Kosior Lecturer in Early Modern History at Northumbria University  And  Norman Davies Professor Emeritus in History and Honorary Fellow of St Antony’s College, University of Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2965</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Manhattan Project</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-manhattan-project</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the race to build an atom bomb in the USA during World War Two.  Before the war, scientists in Germany  had discovered the potential of nuclear fission and scientists in Britain soon argued that this could be used to make an atom bomb, against which there could be no defence other than to own one. The fear among the Allies was that, with its head start, Germany might develop the bomb first and, unmatched, use it on its enemies.  The USA took up the challenge in a huge engineering project led by General Groves and Robert Oppenheimer and, once the first bomb had been exploded at Los Alamos in July 1945, it appeared inevitable that the next ones would be used against Japan with devastating results.  The image above is of Robert Oppenheimer and General Groves examining the remains of one the bases of the steel test tower, at the atomic bomb Trinity Test site, in September 1945.  With  Bruce Cameron Reed The Charles A. Dana Professor of Physics Emeritus at Alma College, Michigan  Cynthia Kelly Founder and President of the Atomic Heritage Foundation  And  Frank Close Emeritus Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00108h1</guid><pubDate>Thu, 07 Oct 2021 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979875/p09xt755.mp3" length="47114621" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the race to build an atom bomb in the USA during World War Two.  Before the war, scientists in Germany  had discovered the potential of nuclear fission and scientists in Britain soon argued that this could be used to...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the race to build an atom bomb in the USA during World War Two.  Before the war, scientists in Germany  had discovered the potential of nuclear fission and scientists in Britain soon argued that this could be used to make an atom bomb, against which there could be no defence other than to own one. The fear among the Allies was that, with its head start, Germany might develop the bomb first and, unmatched, use it on its enemies.  The USA took up the challenge in a huge engineering project led by General Groves and Robert Oppenheimer and, once the first bomb had been exploded at Los Alamos in July 1945, it appeared inevitable that the next ones would be used against Japan with devastating results.  The image above is of Robert Oppenheimer and General Groves examining the remains of one the bases of the steel test tower, at the atomic bomb Trinity Test site, in September 1945.  With  Bruce Cameron Reed The Charles A. Dana Professor of Physics Emeritus at Alma College, Michigan  Cynthia Kelly Founder and President of the Atomic Heritage Foundation  And  Frank Close Emeritus Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2945</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Tenant of Wildfell Hall</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-tenant-of-wildfell-hall</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Anne Bronte's second novel, published in 1848, which is now celebrated alongside those of her sisters but which Charlotte Bronte tried to suppress as a 'mistake'. It examines the life of Helen, who has escaped her abusive husband Arthur Huntingdon with their son to live at Wildfell Hall as a widow under the alias 'Mrs Graham', and it exposes the men in her husband's circle who gave her no choice but to flee. Early critics attacked the novel as coarse, as misrepresenting male behaviour, and as something no woman or girl should ever read; soon after Anne's death, Charlotte suggested the publisher should lose it for good. In recent decades, though, its reputation has climbed and it now sits with Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights as one of the great novels by the Bronte sisters.  The image above shows Tara Fitzgerald as Helen Graham in a 1996 BBC adaptation.  With  Alexandra Lewis Lecturer in English and Creative Writing at the University of Newcastle (Australia)  Marianne Thormählen Professor Emerita in English Studies, Lund University  And  John Bowen Professor of Nineteenth Century Literature at the University of York  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m00100bw</guid><pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2021 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979300/p09x7r80.mp3" length="48236830" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Anne Bronte's second novel, published in 1848, which is now celebrated alongside those of her sisters but which Charlotte Bronte tried to suppress as a 'mistake'. It examines the life of Helen, who has escaped her...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Anne Bronte's second novel, published in 1848, which is now celebrated alongside those of her sisters but which Charlotte Bronte tried to suppress as a 'mistake'. It examines the life of Helen, who has escaped her abusive husband Arthur Huntingdon with their son to live at Wildfell Hall as a widow under the alias 'Mrs Graham', and it exposes the men in her husband's circle who gave her no choice but to flee. Early critics attacked the novel as coarse, as misrepresenting male behaviour, and as something no woman or girl should ever read; soon after Anne's death, Charlotte suggested the publisher should lose it for good. In recent decades, though, its reputation has climbed and it now sits with Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights as one of the great novels by the Bronte sisters.  The image above shows Tara Fitzgerald as Helen Graham in a 1996 BBC adaptation.  With  Alexandra Lewis Lecturer in English and Creative Writing at the University of Newcastle (Australia)  Marianne Thormählen Professor Emerita in English Studies, Lund University  And  John Bowen Professor of Nineteenth Century Literature at the University of York  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3015</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Herodotus</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/herodotus</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Greek writer known as the father of histories, dubbed by his detractors as the father of lies. Herodotus (c484 to 425 BC or later) was raised in Halicarnassus in modern Turkey when it was part of the Persian empire and, in the years after the Persian Wars, set about an inquiry into the deep background to those wars. He also aimed to preserve what he called the great and marvellous deeds of Greeks and non-Greeks, seeking out the best evidence for past events and presenting the range of evidence for readers to assess. Plutarch was to criticise Herodotus for using this to promote the least flattering accounts of his fellow Greeks, hence the 'father of lies', but the depth and breadth of his Histories have secured his reputation from his lifetime down to the present day.  With  Tom Harrison Professor of Ancient History at the University of St Andrews  Esther Eidinow Professor of Ancient History at the University of Bristol  And  Paul Cartledge A. G. Leventis Senior Research Fellow at Clare College, University of Cambridge  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000zv33</guid><pubDate>Thu, 23 Sep 2021 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52979034/p09wmh0t.mp3" length="50869101" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Greek writer known as the father of histories, dubbed by his detractors as the father of lies. Herodotus (c484 to 425 BC or later) was raised in Halicarnassus in modern Turkey when it was part of the Persian empire...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Greek writer known as the father of histories, dubbed by his detractors as the father of lies. Herodotus (c484 to 425 BC or later) was raised in Halicarnassus in modern Turkey when it was part of the Persian empire and, in the years after the Persian Wars, set about an inquiry into the deep background to those wars. He also aimed to preserve what he called the great and marvellous deeds of Greeks and non-Greeks, seeking out the best evidence for past events and presenting the range of evidence for readers to assess. Plutarch was to criticise Herodotus for using this to promote the least flattering accounts of his fellow Greeks, hence the 'father of lies', but the depth and breadth of his Histories have secured his reputation from his lifetime down to the present day.  With  Tom Harrison Professor of Ancient History at the University of St Andrews  Esther Eidinow Professor of Ancient History at the University of Bristol  And  Paul Cartledge A. G. Leventis Senior Research Fellow at Clare College, University of Cambridge  Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3180</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Evolution of Crocodiles</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-evolution-of-crocodiles</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the remarkable diversity of the animals that dominated life on land in the Triassic, before the rise of the dinosaurs in the Jurassic, and whose descendants are often described wrongly as 'living fossils'. For tens of millions of years, the ancestors of alligators and Nile crocodiles included some as large as a bus, some running on two legs like a T Rex and some that lived like whales. They survived and rebounded from a series of extinction events but, while the range of habitats of the dinosaur descendants such as birds covers much of the globe, those of the crocodiles have contracted, even if the animals themselves continue to evolve today as quickly as they ever have.  With  Anjali Goswami Research Leader in Life Sciences and Dean of Postgraduate Education at the Natural History Museum  Philip Mannion Lecturer in the Department of Earth Sciences at University College London   And  Steve Brusatte Professor of Palaeontology and Evolution at the University of Edinburgh  Producer Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000zmhf</guid><pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 2021 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/52980014/p09w0f8z.mp3" length="52153619" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the remarkable diversity of the animals that dominated life on land in the Triassic, before the rise of the dinosaurs in the Jurassic, and whose descendants are often described wrongly as 'living fossils'. For tens of...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the remarkable diversity of the animals that dominated life on land in the Triassic, before the rise of the dinosaurs in the Jurassic, and whose descendants are often described wrongly as 'living fossils'. For tens of millions of years, the ancestors of alligators and Nile crocodiles included some as large as a bus, some running on two legs like a T Rex and some that lived like whales. They survived and rebounded from a series of extinction events but, while the range of habitats of the dinosaur descendants such as birds covers much of the globe, those of the crocodiles have contracted, even if the animals themselves continue to evolve today as quickly as they ever have.  With  Anjali Goswami Research Leader in Life Sciences and Dean of Postgraduate Education at the Natural History Museum  Philip Mannion Lecturer in the Department of Earth Sciences at University College London   And  Steve Brusatte Professor of Palaeontology and Evolution at the University of Edinburgh  Producer Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3260</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Treaty of Limerick (Summer Repeat)</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-treaty-of-limerick-summer-repeat</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 1691 peace treaty that ended the Williamite War in Ireland, between supporters of the deposed King James II and the forces of William III and his allies. It followed the battles at Aughrim and the Boyne and sieges at Limerick, and led to the disbanding of the Jacobite army in Ireland, with troops free to follow James to France for his Irish Brigade. The Catholic landed gentry were guaranteed rights on condition of swearing loyalty to William and Mary yet, while some Protestants thought the terms too lenient, it was said the victors broke those terms before the ink was dry.<br /><br />The image above is from British Battles on Land and Sea, Vol. I, by James Grant, 1880, and is meant to show Irish troops leaving Limerick as part of The Flight of the Wild Geese - a term used for soldiers joining continental European armies from C16th-C18th.<br /><br />With<br /><br />Jane Ohlmeyer<br />Chair of the Irish Research Council and Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Modern History at Trinity College Dublin<br /><br />Dr Clare Jackson<br />Senior Tutor, Trinity Hall, and Faculty of History, University of Cambridge<br /><br />and<br /><br />Thomas O'Connor<br />Professor of History at Maynooth University<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:p09rvf9h</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Aug 2021 08:02:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/46440688/p09rvdmz.mp3" length="50994615" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 1691 peace treaty that ended the Williamite War in Ireland, between supporters of the deposed King James II and the forces of William III and his allies. It followed the battles at Aughrim and the Boyne and sieges...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 1691 peace treaty that ended the Williamite War in Ireland, between supporters of the deposed King James II and the forces of William III and his allies. It followed the battles at Aughrim and the Boyne and sieges at Limerick, and led to the disbanding of the Jacobite army in Ireland, with troops free to follow James to France for his Irish Brigade. The Catholic landed gentry were guaranteed rights on condition of swearing loyalty to William and Mary yet, while some Protestants thought the terms too lenient, it was said the victors broke those terms before the ink was dry.<br /><br />The image above is from British Battles on Land and Sea, Vol. I, by James Grant, 1880, and is meant to show Irish troops leaving Limerick as part of The Flight of the Wild Geese - a term used for soldiers joining continental European armies from C16th-C18th.<br /><br />With<br /><br />Jane Ohlmeyer<br />Chair of the Irish Research Council and Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Modern History at Trinity College Dublin<br /><br />Dr Clare Jackson<br />Senior Tutor, Trinity Hall, and Faculty of History, University of Cambridge<br /><br />and<br /><br />Thomas O'Connor<br />Professor of History at Maynooth University<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3188</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Ovid</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/ovid</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso (43BC-17/18AD) who, as he described it, was destroyed by 'carmen et error', a poem and a mistake.  His works have been preserved in greater number than any of the poets of his age, even Virgil, and have been among the most influential.  The versions of many of the Greek and Roman myths we know today were his work, as told in his epic Metamorphoses and, together with his works on Love and the Art of Love, have inspired and disturbed readers from the time they were created. Despite being the most prominent poet in Augustan Rome at the time, he was exiled from Rome to Tomis on the Black Sea Coast where he remained until he died.   It is thought that the 'carmen' that led to his exile was the Art of Love, Ars Amatoria, supposedly scandalising Augustus, but the 'error' was not disclosed.<br /><br />With <br /><br />Maria Wyke<br />Professor of Latin at University College London<br /><br />Gail Trimble<br />Brown Fellow and Tutor in Classics at Trinity College at the University of Oxford<br /><br />And <br /><br />Dunstan Lowe<br />Senior Lecturer in Latin Literature at the University of Kent<br /><br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000vhk5</guid><pubDate>Thu, 29 Apr 2021 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/46440687/p09g1mhh.mp3" length="47670936" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso (43BC-17/18AD) who, as he described it, was destroyed by 'carmen et error', a poem and a mistake.  His works have been preserved in greater number than any of the poets of his age,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso (43BC-17/18AD) who, as he described it, was destroyed by 'carmen et error', a poem and a mistake.  His works have been preserved in greater number than any of the poets of his age, even Virgil, and have been among the most influential.  The versions of many of the Greek and Roman myths we know today were his work, as told in his epic Metamorphoses and, together with his works on Love and the Art of Love, have inspired and disturbed readers from the time they were created. Despite being the most prominent poet in Augustan Rome at the time, he was exiled from Rome to Tomis on the Black Sea Coast where he remained until he died.   It is thought that the 'carmen' that led to his exile was the Art of Love, Ars Amatoria, supposedly scandalising Augustus, but the 'error' was not disclosed.<br /><br />With <br /><br />Maria Wyke<br />Professor of Latin at University College London<br /><br />Gail Trimble<br />Brown Fellow and Tutor in Classics at Trinity College at the University of Oxford<br /><br />And <br /><br />Dunstan Lowe<br />Senior Lecturer in Latin Literature at the University of Kent<br /><br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2980</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Late Devonian Extinction</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-late-devonian-extinction</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the devastating mass extinctions of the Late Devonian Period, roughly 370 million years ago, when around 70 percent of species disappeared.  Scientists are still trying to establish exactly what happened, when and why, but this was not as sudden as when an asteroid hits Earth.  The Devonian Period had seen the first trees and soils and it had such a diversity of sea life that it’s known as the Age of Fishes, some of them massive and armoured, and, in one of the iconic stages in evolution, some of them moving onto land for the first time.  One of the most important theories for the first stage of this extinction is that the new soils washed into oceans, leading to algal blooms that left the waters without oxygen and suffocated the marine life. <br /><br />The image above is an abstract group of the huge, armoured Dunkleosteus fish, lost in the Late Devonian Extinction<br /><br />With <br /><br />Jessica Whiteside<br />Associate Professor of Geochemistry in the Department of Ocean and Earth Science at the University of Southampton<br /><br />David Bond<br />Professor of Geology at the University of Hull<br /><br />And<br /><br />Mike Benton<br />Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology at the School of Life Sciences, University of Bristol.]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000sz7x</guid><pubDate>Thu, 11 Mar 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/43868222/p0997097.mp3" length="47257622" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the devastating mass extinctions of the Late Devonian Period, roughly 370 million years ago, when around 70 percent of species disappeared.  Scientists are still trying to establish exactly what happened, when and why,...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the devastating mass extinctions of the Late Devonian Period, roughly 370 million years ago, when around 70 percent of species disappeared.  Scientists are still trying to establish exactly what happened, when and why, but this was not as sudden as when an asteroid hits Earth.  The Devonian Period had seen the first trees and soils and it had such a diversity of sea life that it’s known as the Age of Fishes, some of them massive and armoured, and, in one of the iconic stages in evolution, some of them moving onto land for the first time.  One of the most important theories for the first stage of this extinction is that the new soils washed into oceans, leading to algal blooms that left the waters without oxygen and suffocated the marine life. <br /><br />The image above is an abstract group of the huge, armoured Dunkleosteus fish, lost in the Late Devonian Extinction<br /><br />With <br /><br />Jessica Whiteside<br />Associate Professor of Geochemistry in the Department of Ocean and Earth Science at the University of Southampton<br /><br />David Bond<br />Professor of Geology at the University of Hull<br /><br />And<br /><br />Mike Benton<br />Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology at the School of Life Sciences, University of Bristol.]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2954</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner</link><description><![CDATA[In this 900th edition of the programme, Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the best known and most influential of the poems of the Romantic movement.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798 after discussions with his friend Wordsworth.  He refined it for the rest of his life, and it came to define him, a foreshadowing of his opium-addicted, lonely wandering and deepening sense of guilt. The poem tells of a sailor compelled to tell and retell the story of a terrible voyage in his youth, this time as guests are heading to a wedding party, where he stoppeth one of three.<br /><br />The image above is from Gustave Doré's illustration of the mariner's shooting of the albatross, for an 1877 German language edition of the poem<br /><br />With<br /><br />Sir Jonathan Bate<br />Professor of Environmental Humanities at Arizona State University<br /><br />Tom Mole<br />Professor of English Literature and Book History at the University of Edinburgh<br /><br />And <br /><br />Rosemary Ashton<br />Emeritus Quain Professor of English Language and Literature at University College London<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000srdx</guid><pubDate>Thu, 04 Mar 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/43868223/p098hrgt.mp3" length="51025130" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>In this 900th edition of the programme, Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the best known and most influential of the poems of the Romantic movement.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798 after...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[In this 900th edition of the programme, Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the best known and most influential of the poems of the Romantic movement.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798 after discussions with his friend Wordsworth.  He refined it for the rest of his life, and it came to define him, a foreshadowing of his opium-addicted, lonely wandering and deepening sense of guilt. The poem tells of a sailor compelled to tell and retell the story of a terrible voyage in his youth, this time as guests are heading to a wedding party, where he stoppeth one of three.<br /><br />The image above is from Gustave Doré's illustration of the mariner's shooting of the albatross, for an 1877 German language edition of the poem<br /><br />With<br /><br />Sir Jonathan Bate<br />Professor of Environmental Humanities at Arizona State University<br /><br />Tom Mole<br />Professor of English Literature and Book History at the University of Edinburgh<br /><br />And <br /><br />Rosemary Ashton<br />Emeritus Quain Professor of English Language and Literature at University College London<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3190</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Marcus Aurelius</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/marcus-aurelius</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the man who, according to Machiavelli, was the last of the Five Good Emperors. Marcus Aurelius, 121 to 180 AD, has long been known as a model of the philosopher king, a Stoic who, while on military campaigns, compiled ideas on how best to live his life, and how best to rule.  These ideas became known as his Meditations, and they have been treasured by many as an insight into the mind of a Roman emperor, and an example of how to avoid the corruption of power in turbulent times.<br /><br />The image above shows part of a bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius.<br /><br />With <br /><br />Simon Goldhill<br />Professor of Greek Literature and Culture and Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge<br /><br />Angie Hobbs<br />Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield<br /><br />And<br /><br />Catharine Edwards<br />Professor of Classics and Ancient History at Birkbeck, University of London<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000sjxt</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Feb 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/43646488/p097wt5b.mp3" length="50632217" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the man who, according to Machiavelli, was the last of the Five Good Emperors. Marcus Aurelius, 121 to 180 AD, has long been known as a model of the philosopher king, a Stoic who, while on military campaigns, compiled...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the man who, according to Machiavelli, was the last of the Five Good Emperors. Marcus Aurelius, 121 to 180 AD, has long been known as a model of the philosopher king, a Stoic who, while on military campaigns, compiled ideas on how best to live his life, and how best to rule.  These ideas became known as his Meditations, and they have been treasured by many as an insight into the mind of a Roman emperor, and an example of how to avoid the corruption of power in turbulent times.<br /><br />The image above shows part of a bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius.<br /><br />With <br /><br />Simon Goldhill<br />Professor of Greek Literature and Culture and Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge<br /><br />Angie Hobbs<br />Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield<br /><br />And<br /><br />Catharine Edwards<br />Professor of Classics and Ancient History at Birkbeck, University of London<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3165</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>Medieval Pilgrimage</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/medieval-pilgrimage</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea and experience of Christian pilgrimage in Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which figured so strongly in the imagination of the age. For those able and willing to travel, there were countless destinations from Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela to the smaller  local shrines associated with miracles and relics of the saints.  Meanwhile, for those unable or not allowed to travel there were journeys of the mind, inspired by guidebooks that would tell the faithful how many steps they could take around their homes to replicate the walk to the main destinations in Rome and the Holy Land, passing paintings of the places on their route. <br /><br />The image above is of a badge of St Thomas of Canterbury, worn by pilgrims who had journeyed to his shrine.<br /><br />With<br /><br />Miri Rubin<br />Professor of Medieval and Early Modern History at Queen Mary, University of London<br /><br />Kathryn Rudy<br />Professor of Art History at the University of St Andrews<br /><br />And<br /><br />Anthony Bale<br />Professor of Medieval Studies and Dean of the School of Arts at Birkbeck, University of London<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000s9qp</guid><pubDate>Thu, 18 Feb 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/43646487/p097755m.mp3" length="48824135" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea and experience of Christian pilgrimage in Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which figured so strongly in the imagination of the age. For those able and willing to travel, there were countless...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea and experience of Christian pilgrimage in Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which figured so strongly in the imagination of the age. For those able and willing to travel, there were countless destinations from Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela to the smaller  local shrines associated with miracles and relics of the saints.  Meanwhile, for those unable or not allowed to travel there were journeys of the mind, inspired by guidebooks that would tell the faithful how many steps they could take around their homes to replicate the walk to the main destinations in Rome and the Holy Land, passing paintings of the places on their route. <br /><br />The image above is of a badge of St Thomas of Canterbury, worn by pilgrims who had journeyed to his shrine.<br /><br />With<br /><br />Miri Rubin<br />Professor of Medieval and Early Modern History at Queen Mary, University of London<br /><br />Kathryn Rudy<br />Professor of Art History at the University of St Andrews<br /><br />And<br /><br />Anthony Bale<br />Professor of Medieval Studies and Dean of the School of Arts at Birkbeck, University of London<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>3052</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item><item><title>The Rosetta Stone</title><link>https://www.spreaker.com/user/13267678/the-rosetta-stone</link><description><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most famous museum objects in the world, shown in the image above in replica, and dating from around 196 BC.   It is a damaged, dark granite block on which you can faintly see three scripts engraved: Greek at the bottom, Demotic in the middle and Hieroglyphs at the top. Napoleon’s soldiers found it in a Mamluk fort at Rosetta on the Egyptian coast, and soon realised the Greek words could be used to unlock the hieroglyphs.  It was another 20 years before Champollion deciphered them, becoming the first to understand the hieroglyphs since they fell out of use 1500 years before and so opening up the written culture of ancient Egypt to the modern age.<br /><br />With <br />Penelope Wilson<br />Associate Professor of Egyptian Archaeology at Durham University<br /><br />Campbell Price<br />Curator of Egypt and Sudan at the Manchester Museum<br /><br />And<br /><br />Richard Bruce Parkinson<br />Professor of Egyptology and Fellow of The Queen’s College, University of Oxford<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">urn:bbc:podcast:m000s2qd</guid><pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2021 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.spreaker.com/download/episode/43646486/p096k3l1.mp3" length="45291520" type="audio/mpeg"/><itunes:author>Vendjii Karamata</itunes:author><itunes:subtitle>Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most famous museum objects in the world, shown in the image above in replica, and dating from around 196 BC.   It is a damaged, dark granite block on which you can faintly see three scripts engraved: Greek at...</itunes:subtitle><itunes:summary><![CDATA[Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most famous museum objects in the world, shown in the image above in replica, and dating from around 196 BC.   It is a damaged, dark granite block on which you can faintly see three scripts engraved: Greek at the bottom, Demotic in the middle and Hieroglyphs at the top. Napoleon’s soldiers found it in a Mamluk fort at Rosetta on the Egyptian coast, and soon realised the Greek words could be used to unlock the hieroglyphs.  It was another 20 years before Champollion deciphered them, becoming the first to understand the hieroglyphs since they fell out of use 1500 years before and so opening up the written culture of ancient Egypt to the modern age.<br /><br />With <br />Penelope Wilson<br />Associate Professor of Egyptian Archaeology at Durham University<br /><br />Campbell Price<br />Curator of Egypt and Sudan at the Manchester Museum<br /><br />And<br /><br />Richard Bruce Parkinson<br />Professor of Egyptology and Fellow of The Queen’s College, University of Oxford<br /><br />Producer: Simon Tillotson]]></itunes:summary><itunes:duration>2831</itunes:duration><itunes:explicit>clean</itunes:explicit><itunes:image href="https://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/5f9f1506165c82713a7bbf2c58a547d9.jpg"/><itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType></item></channel></rss>
