https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/radiology--4547586enCoursesCopyright Dr.Mayakha Mariamhttps://d3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net/t_rss_itunes_square_1400/images.spreaker.com/original/adc89587dc6566766c4d6863e0fb77a3.jpghttps://www.spreaker.com/podcast/radiology--4547586Thu, 05 Mar 2026 15:23:40 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamDr.Mayakha Mariamthegulfiedentist@gmail.comThese are lectures of The Gulfie Dentist Online Coachingfalseepisodichttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/1-radiation-physics--40399313
Cathode
Both made of tungsten *

Anode
 Xray produced at anode by an effect called BRHAMSTALUNG effect or CHRACTERISTIC EFFECT (interaction of high speed with tungsten nuclei)]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399313Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:09:54 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamRADIATION PHYSICS Cathode Both made of tungsten * Anode  Xray produced at anode by an effect called BRHAMSTALUNG effect or CHRACTERISTIC EFFECT (interaction of high speed with tungsten nuclei)
Cathode
Both made of tungsten *

Anode
 Xray produced at anode by an effect called BRHAMSTALUNG effect or CHRACTERISTIC EFFECT (interaction of high speed with tungsten nuclei)]]>148falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/2-radiation-physics-2--40399314 Filters away the low energy x-rays
 Made of Aluminium
 From x-ray cone


COLLIMATOR
 Absorbs X-rays in unwanted direction
 Made of lead
 Circular tube
 Rectangular collimator is best due to less patient exposure = 7mm diameter QN]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399314Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:09:48 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamFLITER  Filters away the low energy x-rays  Made of Aluminium  From x-ray cone COLLIMATOR  Absorbs X-rays in unwanted direction  Made of lead  Circular tube  Rectangular collimator is best due to less patient exposure = 7mm diameter QN Filters away the low energy x-rays
 Made of Aluminium
 From x-ray cone


COLLIMATOR
 Absorbs X-rays in unwanted direction
 Made of lead
 Circular tube
 Rectangular collimator is best due to less patient exposure = 7mm diameter QN]]>117falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/3-reducing-exposure-to-patient--40399316
 Decrease current decrease Time
 Increase KVP (potential) (kilovolt potential)
If Kvp increased – speed of e increses and more energy photons are formed, thus penetrate the body creating images


INTENSIFYING SCREENS
Decreases patient exposure , but decreases film contrast
∴ contraindicated intraorally (IOPA)
- made of rare earth material QN

FACTORS DECREASING XRAY EXPOSURE TO TRACHEA
Lead apron
Thyroid collar

Position — distance rule
 6 feet away position ** (5 ft for cephalometry)
 How to increase the image quality – increase the distance between object & the cone**
 90° - 130° angle

ALARA – As Low As Reasonably Achievable]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399316Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:09:41 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamLESS EXPOSURE FACTOR FOR PATIENT  Decrease current decrease Time  Increase KVP (potential) (kilovolt potential) If Kvp increased – speed of e increses and more energy photons are formed, thus penetrate the body creating images INTENSIFYING...
 Decrease current decrease Time
 Increase KVP (potential) (kilovolt potential)
If Kvp increased – speed of e increses and more energy photons are formed, thus penetrate the body creating images


INTENSIFYING SCREENS
Decreases patient exposure , but decreases film contrast
∴ contraindicated intraorally (IOPA)
- made of rare earth material QN

FACTORS DECREASING XRAY EXPOSURE TO TRACHEA
Lead apron
Thyroid collar

Position — distance rule
 6 feet away position ** (5 ft for cephalometry)
 How to increase the image quality – increase the distance between object & the cone**
 90° - 130° angle

ALARA – As Low As Reasonably Achievable]]>204falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/4-side-effects-of-radiation--403993151. Mucositis – inflammation of mucosa
2. Radiation caries – mainly due to radiation injury to parotid gland, causing smooth surface caries due to xerostomia
3. c/f –
— blackish discolouration of crown
--- affects labial + lingual surface of all teeth +cervical third
— patient also gives h/s of cancer – suspect radiation therapy

Rx – 1% NaF every day QN
Preventive method done soon after radiation]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399315Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:09:34 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamC/F SEEN INTRA ORALLY — AS AFTER EFFECT OF RADIATION 1. Mucositis – inflammation of mucosa 2. Radiation caries – mainly due to radiation injury to parotid gland, causing smooth surface caries due to xerostomia 3. c/f – — blackish discolouration of...1. Mucositis – inflammation of mucosa
2. Radiation caries – mainly due to radiation injury to parotid gland, causing smooth surface caries due to xerostomia
3. c/f –
— blackish discolouration of crown
--- affects labial + lingual surface of all teeth +cervical third
— patient also gives h/s of cancer – suspect radiation therapy

Rx – 1% NaF every day QN
Preventive method done soon after radiation]]>152falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/5-iopa--40399312
IOPA
 Intra – oral periapical radiograph
 Function – to determine
o Working length
o Periapical pathosis QN
o External root resorption
 Commonly used size – size 2
 In anterior teeth – proximal caries – IOPA is used QN
 If improper horizontal angulation – OVERLAPPING PROXIMAL SURFACES]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399312Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:09:26 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamTYPES OF RADIOGRAPHY IOPA  Intra – oral periapical radiograph  Function – to determine o Working length o Periapical pathosis QN o External root resorption  Commonly used size – size 2  In anterior teeth – proximal caries – IOPA is used QN  If...
IOPA
 Intra – oral periapical radiograph
 Function – to determine
o Working length
o Periapical pathosis QN
o External root resorption
 Commonly used size – size 2
 In anterior teeth – proximal caries – IOPA is used QN
 If improper horizontal angulation – OVERLAPPING PROXIMAL SURFACES]]>103falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/6-types-of-iopa--40399310
 The film is placed as close as possible to the surface.
 Central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector.
 Advantage – shorter exposure time, more patient acceptance cos we don’t need a beam aligner ring.
 Disadvatage – image distortion/ magnification is possible. Angulation problems maybe, coz beam aligner right.


PARALELLING BEAM

 It is easy to place using a film holder.
 Central ray is perpendicular to both recptor & long axis of the tooth.
 To maintain the parallelism between the object & the film, - INCREASE TARGET TO OBJECT DISTANCE *
 Advantage – more accurate & Simplicity (no extra calculations required)
 Disadvantages – patient discomfort.]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399310Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:09:18 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamBISECTING ANGLE  The film is placed as close as possible to the surface.  Central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector.  Advantage – shorter exposure time, more patient acceptance cos we don’t need a beam aligner ring. ...
 The film is placed as close as possible to the surface.
 Central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector.
 Advantage – shorter exposure time, more patient acceptance cos we don’t need a beam aligner ring.
 Disadvatage – image distortion/ magnification is possible. Angulation problems maybe, coz beam aligner right.


PARALELLING BEAM

 It is easy to place using a film holder.
 Central ray is perpendicular to both recptor & long axis of the tooth.
 To maintain the parallelism between the object & the film, - INCREASE TARGET TO OBJECT DISTANCE *
 Advantage – more accurate & Simplicity (no extra calculations required)
 Disadvantages – patient discomfort.]]>237falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/7-bitewing--40399322
 Function – proximal caries** best detected by bitwing – post (whereas anterior proximal caries best – IOPA) ***
 Vertical angulation for a bitewing radiograph is: 10 degree downward.
 Determination of 2° caries
 Crest of interdental bone
 Incorrect horizontal angulation will lead to overlapping of proximal surface of teeth]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399322Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:09:09 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamBITE WING  Function – proximal caries** best detected by bitwing – post (whereas anterior proximal caries best – IOPA) ***  Vertical angulation for a bitewing radiograph is: 10 degree downward.  Determination of 2° caries  Crest of interdental...
 Function – proximal caries** best detected by bitwing – post (whereas anterior proximal caries best – IOPA) ***
 Vertical angulation for a bitewing radiograph is: 10 degree downward.
 Determination of 2° caries
 Crest of interdental bone
 Incorrect horizontal angulation will lead to overlapping of proximal surface of teeth]]>43falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/8-occlusal-radiograph--40399327
 Commonly used in right angled technique
 Function to determine
o Mesiodense
o Mandibular tori
o Sialolithiasis in Submandibular duct
o (other sialolithiasis best detected by – radiography)
 It is the only radiograph can be done intraorally in TRISMUS cases QN]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399327Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:58 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamOCCLUSAL  Commonly used in right angled technique  Function to determine o Mesiodense o Mandibular tori o Sialolithiasis in Submandibular duct o (other sialolithiasis best detected by – radiography)  It is the only radiograph can be done...
 Commonly used in right angled technique
 Function to determine
o Mesiodense
o Mandibular tori
o Sialolithiasis in Submandibular duct
o (other sialolithiasis best detected by – radiography)
 It is the only radiograph can be done intraorally in TRISMUS cases QN]]>57falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/9-opg--40399329
 ORTHOPANTAMOGRAM
 Most commonly used for dental implants QN ( BEST is CBCT )

 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
o Mental foramen – radiolucency at the apex of premolar
o Zygoma – J shaped radio opacity at 1st or 2nd max molar
o Sinus lining
o Mandibular canal
o Vertebrae – cervical
o Styloid process
o Ear lobe
o Hyoid

ERRORS IN OPG

HEAD placed ———— ———— APPEARANCE
a) Anterior to focal trough ** Blur and narrow
b) Posterior to focal trough Blur and Magnified]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399329Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:50 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamOPG  ORTHOPANTAMOGRAM  Most commonly used for dental implants QN ( BEST is CBCT )  ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS o Mental foramen – radiolucency at the apex of premolar o Zygoma – J shaped radio opacity at 1st or 2nd max molar o Sinus lining o Mandibular...
 ORTHOPANTAMOGRAM
 Most commonly used for dental implants QN ( BEST is CBCT )

 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
o Mental foramen – radiolucency at the apex of premolar
o Zygoma – J shaped radio opacity at 1st or 2nd max molar
o Sinus lining
o Mandibular canal
o Vertebrae – cervical
o Styloid process
o Ear lobe
o Hyoid

ERRORS IN OPG

HEAD placed ———— ———— APPEARANCE
a) Anterior to focal trough ** Blur and narrow
b) Posterior to focal trough Blur and Magnified]]>164falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/10-opg-errors--40399328a) Downward smiling appearance to OPG  Rx – tilt chin up***
b) Upward reverse curve / flat curve in OPG  Rx – tilt chin DOWN***

TONGUE –
a) OBSCURES THE APICES OF MAX TEETH – SO MUST BE PLACED ON THE PALATE TO AVOID THIS !**]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399328Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:43 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamHEAD tilted ————————— APPEARANCES a) Downward smiling appearance to OPG  Rx – tilt chin up*** b) Upward reverse curve / flat curve in OPG  Rx – tilt chin DOWN*** TONGUE – a) OBSCURES THE APICES OF MAX TEETH – SO MUST BE PLACED ON THE PALATE TO...a) Downward smiling appearance to OPG  Rx – tilt chin up***
b) Upward reverse curve / flat curve in OPG  Rx – tilt chin DOWN***

TONGUE –
a) OBSCURES THE APICES OF MAX TEETH – SO MUST BE PLACED ON THE PALATE TO AVOID THIS !**]]>82falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/11-sialography--40399324
 Assessment of salivary and lacrimal gland
 Dye used iodine
 Appearances :
o Normal sialographic — tree limb
o Sjogren’s syndrome — cherry blossom or fruit laiden tree
 It is the best investigation done for sialolithiasis Except in submand duct.
 Anatomical assessment of salivary – sialography
 Functional assessment of salivary gland — scintigraphy

ULTRA SONOGRAPH / USH (non – radiation)
 To dislinguish between cystic and solid lesion
 No radiation here CYST
 Barium Meal test known as schilling test for malabsorption disorder.]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399324Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:35 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamSIALOGRAPHY  Assessment of salivary and lacrimal gland  Dye used iodine  Appearances : o Normal sialographic — tree limb o Sjogren’s syndrome — cherry blossom or fruit laiden tree  It is the best investigation done for sialolithiasis Except in...
 Assessment of salivary and lacrimal gland
 Dye used iodine
 Appearances :
o Normal sialographic — tree limb
o Sjogren’s syndrome — cherry blossom or fruit laiden tree
 It is the best investigation done for sialolithiasis Except in submand duct.
 Anatomical assessment of salivary – sialography
 Functional assessment of salivary gland — scintigraphy

ULTRA SONOGRAPH / USH (non – radiation)
 To dislinguish between cystic and solid lesion
 No radiation here CYST
 Barium Meal test known as schilling test for malabsorption disorder.]]>125falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/12-mri--40399325
 Indication – soft tissues in dental and bony outlines (disk position)
o Investigation for TMJ outline morphology of TMJ (metal component)
o No radiation
o MRI + prosthesis – results in prosthetic failure and image failure except in dental
implants ( no influence) due to titanium content]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399325Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:27 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamMRI (non – radiation)  Indication – soft tissues in dental and bony outlines (disk position) o Investigation for TMJ outline morphology of TMJ (metal component) o No radiation o MRI + prosthesis – results in prosthetic failure and image failure...
 Indication – soft tissues in dental and bony outlines (disk position)
o Investigation for TMJ outline morphology of TMJ (metal component)
o No radiation
o MRI + prosthesis – results in prosthetic failure and image failure except in dental
implants ( no influence) due to titanium content]]>36falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/13-arthrography--40399317
 Indication –
o POSITION & FUNCTION OF DISC
o PERFORATIONS OF DISC & RETRODISCAL TISSUE
o ACCURATE IN demonstrating articular DISC DISPLACEMENT
o TMJ MOVEMENT/DYNAMICS
 CT after injection of a high contrast fluid
 Highest radiation – transcranial
 Not used for TMJ outline]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399317Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:19 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamARTHROGRAPHY  Indication – o POSITION & FUNCTION OF DISC o PERFORATIONS OF DISC & RETRODISCAL TISSUE o ACCURATE IN demonstrating articular DISC DISPLACEMENT o TMJ MOVEMENT/DYNAMICS  CT after injection of a high contrast fluid  Highest radiation –...
 Indication –
o POSITION & FUNCTION OF DISC
o PERFORATIONS OF DISC & RETRODISCAL TISSUE
o ACCURATE IN demonstrating articular DISC DISPLACEMENT
o TMJ MOVEMENT/DYNAMICS
 CT after injection of a high contrast fluid
 Highest radiation – transcranial
 Not used for TMJ outline]]>40falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/14-tmj-diagnosis--40399332
 For TMJ Movement (Transcranial cannot be used)
o Computerized tomography
o Conventional tomography
o Arthrography
 For disc displacement / position - MRI scan
 For morphology of TMJ Bone - MRI scan
 For disc perforation - ARTHROGRAPHY
 For best imaging of TMJ Disc - CBCT
 For single / bilateral condylar fracture (# at neck of mandible), condyle shift - REVERSE TOWN
 To see condylar head orientation - REVERSE TOWN
 Radiograph show condylar head orientation & facial symmetry - REVERSE TOWN.
 The image show disk position & morphology of TMJ bone - MRI.
 In case of fracture of the ramus of the mandible, to evaluate if fracture favorable or unfavourable - 30 DEGREE OBLIQUE RADIOGRAPH.]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399332Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:12 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamTMJ DIAGNOSIS  For TMJ Movement (Transcranial cannot be used) o Computerized tomography o Conventional tomography o Arthrography  For disc displacement / position - MRI scan  For morphology of TMJ Bone - MRI scan  For disc perforation -...
 For TMJ Movement (Transcranial cannot be used)
o Computerized tomography
o Conventional tomography
o Arthrography
 For disc displacement / position - MRI scan
 For morphology of TMJ Bone - MRI scan
 For disc perforation - ARTHROGRAPHY
 For best imaging of TMJ Disc - CBCT
 For single / bilateral condylar fracture (# at neck of mandible), condyle shift - REVERSE TOWN
 To see condylar head orientation - REVERSE TOWN
 Radiograph show condylar head orientation & facial symmetry - REVERSE TOWN.
 The image show disk position & morphology of TMJ bone - MRI.
 In case of fracture of the ramus of the mandible, to evaluate if fracture favorable or unfavourable - 30 DEGREE OBLIQUE RADIOGRAPH.]]>136falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/15-radiographic-projections-1--40399333
MAXILLA
A. Max sinus
B. Zygoma
C. Zygomatic arch
D. Nasal bone – lateral image or lateral projection


WATER’S PROJECTION / OCCIPITO- MENTAL PROJECTION
o Area visualized — all sinus especially MAXILLARY SINUS
o Radiolucent seen — zygoma (zygoma is not zygomatic arch)
o Zygoma fracture best viewed in waters projection
o If fracture of anterior wall of maxillary sinus — fluid in sinus filled appearance QN
o Maxilla fracture.
o Projection — from occipital bone to nasal meatus.

SUBMENTO VERTEX PROJECTION
o Fracture of cranial base / base of the skull
o Inferior border of mandible
o zygomatic arch fracture
o Zygomatico maxillar complex fracture visualisable- when done at normal time exposure.
o 1/3rd the normal exposure time ie. underexposed — zygomatic arch as jug handle view]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399333Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:08:04 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamRADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:- MAXILLA A. Max sinus B. Zygoma C. Zygomatic arch D. Nasal bone – lateral image or lateral projection WATER’S PROJECTION / OCCIPITO- MENTAL PROJECTION o Area visualized — all sinus especially MAXILLARY SINUS o Radiolucent...
MAXILLA
A. Max sinus
B. Zygoma
C. Zygomatic arch
D. Nasal bone – lateral image or lateral projection


WATER’S PROJECTION / OCCIPITO- MENTAL PROJECTION
o Area visualized — all sinus especially MAXILLARY SINUS
o Radiolucent seen — zygoma (zygoma is not zygomatic arch)
o Zygoma fracture best viewed in waters projection
o If fracture of anterior wall of maxillary sinus — fluid in sinus filled appearance QN
o Maxilla fracture.
o Projection — from occipital bone to nasal meatus.

SUBMENTO VERTEX PROJECTION
o Fracture of cranial base / base of the skull
o Inferior border of mandible
o zygomatic arch fracture
o Zygomatico maxillar complex fracture visualisable- when done at normal time exposure.
o 1/3rd the normal exposure time ie. underexposed — zygomatic arch as jug handle view]]>166falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/16-radiographic-projections-2--403993181. Condyle
2. Condylar Neck
3. Ramus
4. Body

REVERSE TOWN
MOST RADIOGRAPHS ARE ANTERIO-POSTERIOR PROJECTIONS – TOWN’S PROJECTION.
However REVERSE TOWN MEAN POSTER-ANTERIOR PROJECTION!
o HIGH**condylar neck fracture **
o SUBCONDYLAR PART FRACTURE
o displacement of condylar
o CONDYLAR HYPERPLASIA & HYPOPLASIA
o INTRACAPSULAR FRACTURE*

TRANSORBITAL PROJECTION
o Anterioir view of the joint
o condylar neck fracture
o medial displacement of fractured condyle

TRANSCRANIAL VIEW
o condylar movement and gross anatomical change

TRANSPHARYNGEAL/IINFRACCRANIAL
- BEST TO VIEW TMJ PER SAY !]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399318Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:07:55 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamMANDIBLE 1. Condyle 2. Condylar Neck 3. Ramus 4. Body REVERSE TOWN MOST RADIOGRAPHS ARE ANTERIO-POSTERIOR PROJECTIONS – TOWN’S PROJECTION. However REVERSE TOWN MEAN POSTER-ANTERIOR PROJECTION! o HIGH**condylar neck fracture ** o SUBCONDYLAR PART...1. Condyle
2. Condylar Neck
3. Ramus
4. Body

REVERSE TOWN
MOST RADIOGRAPHS ARE ANTERIO-POSTERIOR PROJECTIONS – TOWN’S PROJECTION.
However REVERSE TOWN MEAN POSTER-ANTERIOR PROJECTION!
o HIGH**condylar neck fracture **
o SUBCONDYLAR PART FRACTURE
o displacement of condylar
o CONDYLAR HYPERPLASIA & HYPOPLASIA
o INTRACAPSULAR FRACTURE*

TRANSORBITAL PROJECTION
o Anterioir view of the joint
o condylar neck fracture
o medial displacement of fractured condyle

TRANSCRANIAL VIEW
o condylar movement and gross anatomical change

TRANSPHARYNGEAL/IINFRACCRANIAL
- BEST TO VIEW TMJ PER SAY !]]>60falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/17-radiographic-projections-3--40399320- BEST TO VIEW TMJ PER SAY !

OPG
o GROSS VIEW OF BODY AND RAMUS FRACTURE

Lateral oblique (30°)
o Unfavourable # of body and ramus.]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399320Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:07:45 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamTRANSPHARYNGEAL/IINFRACCRANIAL - BEST TO VIEW TMJ PER SAY ! OPG o GROSS VIEW OF BODY AND RAMUS FRACTURE Lateral oblique (30°) o Unfavourable # of body and ramus.- BEST TO VIEW TMJ PER SAY !

OPG
o GROSS VIEW OF BODY AND RAMUS FRACTURE

Lateral oblique (30°)
o Unfavourable # of body and ramus.]]>52falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/18-radiographic-findings-1--40399326
NORMAL VARIENTS
1. MENTAL FORMAEN – Well defined unilocular radiolucent are between normal / vital mandibular bicuspids
2. U- shaped radiopaque at max. 1st molar area is ZYGOMATIC PROCESS ,
3. While radiolucency in the same area is MAXILLARY ANTRUM.

ABNORMAL VARIENTS
1. Attrition cases – in xray you’ll see hypercementosis
2. HYPERCEMENTOSIS IS SEEEN AS – radiopacity attached to root of a tooth
3. If intrusion case after trauma – youl see inflammatory type of root serorption / progressive root resorption in xray
4. INVERTED PEAR SHAPE – GLOBULLOMAXILLARY CYST
5. SUNRAY APPEARANCE – OSTEOSARCOMMA
6. SCALLOPED BORDER – TRAUMATIC / HEMEORRHAGIC BONE CYST

OSTEOPOROSIS
 Seen in females after menopause
 Bone becomes brittle
 MAJOR FINDING IN MAnDIBLE SEEN ON OPG IS – THIN CORTICAL PLATES]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399326Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:07:37 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamRADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS :- NORMAL VARIENTS 1. MENTAL FORMAEN – Well defined unilocular radiolucent are between normal / vital mandibular bicuspids 2. U- shaped radiopaque at max. 1st molar area is ZYGOMATIC PROCESS , 3. While radiolucency in the same...
NORMAL VARIENTS
1. MENTAL FORMAEN – Well defined unilocular radiolucent are between normal / vital mandibular bicuspids
2. U- shaped radiopaque at max. 1st molar area is ZYGOMATIC PROCESS ,
3. While radiolucency in the same area is MAXILLARY ANTRUM.

ABNORMAL VARIENTS
1. Attrition cases – in xray you’ll see hypercementosis
2. HYPERCEMENTOSIS IS SEEEN AS – radiopacity attached to root of a tooth
3. If intrusion case after trauma – youl see inflammatory type of root serorption / progressive root resorption in xray
4. INVERTED PEAR SHAPE – GLOBULLOMAXILLARY CYST
5. SUNRAY APPEARANCE – OSTEOSARCOMMA
6. SCALLOPED BORDER – TRAUMATIC / HEMEORRHAGIC BONE CYST

OSTEOPOROSIS
 Seen in females after menopause
 Bone becomes brittle
 MAJOR FINDING IN MAnDIBLE SEEN ON OPG IS – THIN CORTICAL PLATES]]>203falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/19-rf-osteoradionecrosis--40399331 Cause – reduced blood supply to the radiation site QN
 Factors – surgery at radiation site – infection by staphylococcus
 C/F – sequestrum – deadbone (3H hypocellular, hypovascular, hypoxic tissue and Bone) - invulcrum – living bone
 Prevention – surgical procedure before 6 weeks is best (1 and ½ month)
 Other methods – surgical procedure 4 months after stoppage of radiation therapy
 RCT is not contra- indicated
 Management :-
o hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in diffusion hypoxia) [best management]
o sequestrctomy
o resection , Hemimandibulectomy } also done]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399331Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:07:29 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamOSTEORADIONECROSIS**  Cause – reduced blood supply to the radiation site QN  Factors – surgery at radiation site – infection by staphylococcus  C/F – sequestrum – deadbone (3H hypocellular, hypovascular, hypoxic tissue and Bone) - invulcrum –... Cause – reduced blood supply to the radiation site QN
 Factors – surgery at radiation site – infection by staphylococcus
 C/F – sequestrum – deadbone (3H hypocellular, hypovascular, hypoxic tissue and Bone) - invulcrum – living bone
 Prevention – surgical procedure before 6 weeks is best (1 and ½ month)
 Other methods – surgical procedure 4 months after stoppage of radiation therapy
 RCT is not contra- indicated
 Management :-
o hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in diffusion hypoxia) [best management]
o sequestrctomy
o resection , Hemimandibulectomy } also done]]>77falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/20-rf-osteoradionecosis-2--40399319 Other methods – surgical procedure 4 months after stoppage of radiation therapy
 RCT is not contra- indicated
 Management :-
o hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in diffusion hypoxia) [best management]
o sequestrctomy
o resection , Hemimandibulectomy } also done]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399319Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:07:21 +0000Dr.Mayakha Mariam Prevention – surgical procedure before 6 weeks is best (1 and ½ month)  Other methods – surgical procedure 4 months after stoppage of radiation therapy  RCT is not contra- indicated  Management :- o hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in... Other methods – surgical procedure 4 months after stoppage of radiation therapy
 RCT is not contra- indicated
 Management :-
o hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in diffusion hypoxia) [best management]
o sequestrctomy
o resection , Hemimandibulectomy } also done]]>43falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/21-rf-osteoradionecosis-3--40399311o hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in diffusion hypoxia) [best management]
o sequestrctomy
o resection , Hemimandibulectomy } also done]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399311Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:07:09 +0000Dr.Mayakha Mariam Management :- o hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in diffusion hypoxia) [best management] o sequestrctomy o resection , Hemimandibulectomy } also doneo hyperbaric O2 therapy --> 100% O2(also used in diffusion hypoxia) [best management]
o sequestrctomy
o resection , Hemimandibulectomy } also done]]>29falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/22-rf-osteomyelitis--40399321 streptococci , staph aureus, -ve rods
 commonly seen in mandible – due to reduced blood supply compared to maxilla
 suppurative osteomyelitis – parasthesia of lip
o ACUTE S O
 Swelling
 Radiographic change
o CHRONIC S O
 No swelling
 Moth eaten appearance in radiograph QN

Rx FOR BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC
 Hyperbaric O2 therapy
 Sequestromy
 Resection etc
Seen more in mandible due to reduced blood supply
It begins in the medullary bone involving the cancellous bone

GARRE’S OSTEOMYLITIS:
 Non suppurative O M – seen in children QN
 Proliferative
 Onion peel appearance or concentric periosteal ring – RADIOGRAPHIC
 Xray Technician Radiation limit = 100m REM/]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399321Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:07:00 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamOSTEOMYLITIS  streptococci , staph aureus, -ve rods  commonly seen in mandible – due to reduced blood supply compared to maxilla  suppurative osteomyelitis – parasthesia of lip o ACUTE S O  Swelling  Radiographic change o CHRONIC S O  No... streptococci , staph aureus, -ve rods
 commonly seen in mandible – due to reduced blood supply compared to maxilla
 suppurative osteomyelitis – parasthesia of lip
o ACUTE S O
 Swelling
 Radiographic change
o CHRONIC S O
 No swelling
 Moth eaten appearance in radiograph QN

Rx FOR BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC
 Hyperbaric O2 therapy
 Sequestromy
 Resection etc
Seen more in mandible due to reduced blood supply
It begins in the medullary bone involving the cancellous bone

GARRE’S OSTEOMYLITIS:
 Non suppurative O M – seen in children QN
 Proliferative
 Onion peel appearance or concentric periosteal ring – RADIOGRAPHIC
 Xray Technician Radiation limit = 100m REM/]]>95falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/23-rf-dentigerous-cyst--40399330 Seen as radiolucency surrounding an unerupted tooth
 Qn comes as missing tooth, xray shows some radiolucency around the impacted canine.]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399330Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:06:52 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamDentigerous cyst  Seen as radiolucency surrounding an unerupted tooth  Qn comes as missing tooth, xray shows some radiolucency around the impacted canine. Seen as radiolucency surrounding an unerupted tooth
 Qn comes as missing tooth, xray shows some radiolucency around the impacted canine.]]>44falsefullhttps://www.spreaker.com/episode/24-slob--40399323 Same side lingual, opposite side buccal
 Know the tube shift — than can known the side]]>https://api.spreaker.com/episode/40399323Wed, 19 Aug 2020 05:06:42 +0000Dr.Mayakha MariamSLOB RULE – TUBE SHIFT TQ  Same side lingual, opposite side buccal  Know the tube shift — than can known the side Same side lingual, opposite side buccal
 Know the tube shift — than can known the side]]>78falsefull